Class Design (UML Class Diagram) - oop

Could somebody please give their input into the following scenario:
I'm creating a math quiz system. I need to generate several math problems and show them in the screen. There are many of them. Like:
Times tables: 9 X 9 = ____
Addition Subtraction, Multiplication and division of Integers: 3901 + 22 = ____
Comparing Integers (<, >, =): 37 ____ -24
Convert Decimal to fraction: 0.75 = ____ (fraction)
Convert fraction to decimal: 3/4 (fraction) = ____ (decimal)
It will generate many problems as you can see above. There are many types of them. As the questions it will be different for each student (the random's seed always be the same for the student to generate always the test), I need to store his answers, but I don't know what type I can store the data, because some are doubles, others integers, others like fraction I need to store two integers, in comparison it is a char.
And none of the problems must be repeated.
The student is going to answer the examen question by question, it'll have X time to answer the problem, and the problems are organized by subject (check below the scan image).
The problem is how to model it, all of them are very differents, if they must be in a collection class. Sorry, I'm a little lost.

First of all you should create domain model. All required data are presented in your question.

Related

Link numbers with an equation/algorithm

I am making an anagram solver in Visual Basic that gives you every possible combination when you enter a string. I need to work out how many combinations there are depending on the amount of characters in the string and how many different characters there are.
E.G.
Sample string:
abc
Total characters: 3, Different Characters: 3
Possible combinations: 6
abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba
I need an equation (using the number of characters and different characters) to link this to a string that contains a different amount of characters.
I've been using trial and error to try and figure is out, but I can't quite get my head around it. So far I have:
((letters - 1) ^ (different letters - 1)) + (letters - 1)
which works for a few different letter counts but now for all.
Help please???
I'll lead you to the answer, but I'll try to explain along the way. Let's say you had 10 different letters. You'd have 10 choices for the first, 9 for the second, 8 for the third, etc. Ultimately, there would be 10*9*8*7*6...*2*1 = 10! possibilities. However, sometimes you'll have multiple instances of the same letter. For example, using that for the string "aaabcd" would overcount possibilities, because it counts each of the a's as distinct letters, even though they're not. To correct for that, you would have to divide by the factorial of the number of repeated letters. A good way to calculate the total number of possibilities would be (total number of letters factorial)/ (product of the factorials of the number of repeated instances of each letter).
For example:
There are 6!/(3!) ways to arrange the letters in "aaabcd"
There are 6! ways to arrange the letters is "abcdef"
There are 6!/(3!*2!) ways to arrange the letters in "aaabbc"
There are 10!/(5!*3!*2!) ways to arrange the letters in "aaaaabbbcc"
I hope this helps.
For the possible counting number, it's exactly the same as computing Multinomial Coefficient
A simple explanation is that, for no repeating characters,
It's simply permutation = n!
(It is easy to understand if you draw a tree diagram, with first character has n choices, second character has n-1choices...etc.)
However as you may have repeating characters, you will double count many of them.
Let's see an simple example: for aaa, how many possible arrangements IF WE COUNT EVEN THE OUTCOME IS THE SAME?
Answer is 3!(aaa,aaa,aaa,aaa,aaa,aaa)
This gives us an idea that, when we have a character appearing for m times, we will count m! instead of 1
So the counting is just n!(all possible arrangements, including same outcome) / m! (a character appear for m times)
Same for more characters repeating: n!/a!b!c!.. (first character appear a times, another appear for b times...)
If you understand the concept behind, then you will find that, actually for those "non-repeating" characters, it's just dividing an 1!. For eg, character (multi)set = {a,a,a,b,b,c}, #a = 3, #b = 2, #c = 1, so the answer (without repeating count) is (3+2+1)!/3!2!1! and fraction of this format is named multinomial coefficient as stated above.
In programming point of view, you can just pre-compute all factorials (with a pretty small n though as n~30 is already too large for a variable to store) with simple for loop
declare frac = array(n);
frac[0] = 1;
FOR i=1; i<=n;i++
frac[i] = i*frac[i-1]
For a larger n, you may just calculate double/float division on the fly in the loop to avoid overflow..you may face precision problem though.
If you further need to output the different strings, you may use DFS to backtrack all the possible outcomes. Or if you could use another language like C++, you can use built-in function like next_permutation() after sort the character set.

MATLAB dealing with approximation-- singles to doubles

I am pulling financial data into Matlab from SQL, where it is unfortunately stored as a 'Real' (which is an approximate data-type).
For example, a value got loaded into SQL as "96.194" which is the correct value (this could have any number of decimals 1-5). I know in SQL it is stored as something like 96.19400024 because it is an approximation, but SQL Server somehow knows to display it as 96.194.
When I pull it into matlab, it gets pulled in as 96.194, which is what I want. Unfortunately, it turns out it's not actually 96.194, as demonstrated:
>>price
price =
96.194
>> price==96.194
ans =
0
>> class(price)
ans =
single
>> double(price)
ans =
96.1940002441406
So my question is, is there a way to convert a single to a double exactly as it appears as a single (i.e. truncate all the decimals which are the approximation? Note: I cannot just round it because I don't know how many decimals it's supposed to have.
The vpa function lets you specify a number of significant (nonzero) digits that is different from the current digits setting. For example:
vpa(price, num_of_digits_required)
or in your case:
vpa(double(price),7)
(6 or 8 significant digits will yield the same result)
Edit
To use vpa you'll need the Symbolic Math Toolbox, there are alternatives found on the web, such as this FEX file.
Single precision floating point values have only about 7 digits of precision (23 bit fractional component, log10(2^24) ≈ 7.225 decimal digits) so you could round off all but the 7 most significant digits.

precision gains where data move from one table to another in sql server

There are three tables in our sql server 2008
transact_orders
transact_shipments
transact_child_orders.
Three of them have a common column carrying_cost. Data type is same in all the three tables.It is float with NUMERIC_PRECISION 53 and NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX 2.
In table 1 - transact_orders this column has value 5.1 for three rows. convert(decimal(20,15), carrying_cost) returns 5.100000..... here.
Table 2 - transact_shipments three rows are fetching carrying_cost from those three rows in transact_orders.
convert(decimal(20,15), carrying_cost) returns 5.100000..... here also.
Table 3 - transact_child_orders is summing up those three carrying costs from transact_shipments. And the value shown there is 15.3 when I run a normal select.
But convert(decimal(20,15), carrying_cost) returns 15.299999999999999 in this stable. And its showing that precision gained value in ui also. Though ui is only fetching the value, not doing any conversion. In the java code the variable which is fetching the value from the db is defined as double.
The code in step 3, to sum up the three carrying_costs is simple ::
...sum(isnull(transact_shipments.carrying_costs,0)) sum_carrying_costs,...
Any idea why this change occurs in the third step ? Any help will be appreciated. Please let me know if any more information is needed.
Rather than post a bunch of comments, I'll write an answer.
Floats are not suitable for precise values where you can't accept rounding errors - For example, finance.
Floats can scale from very small numbers, to very high numbers. But they don't do that without losing a degree of accuracy. You can look the details up on line, there is a host of good work out there for you to read.
But, simplistically, it's because they're true binary numbers - some decimal numbers just can't be represented as a binary value with 100% accuracy. (Just like 1/3 can't be represented with 100% accuracy in decimal.)
I'm not sure what is causing your performance issue with the DECIMAL data type, often it's because there is some implicit conversion going on. (You've got a float somewhere, or decimals with different definitions, etc.)
But regardless of the cause; nothing is faster than integer arithmetic. So, store your values are integers? £1.10 could be stored as 110p. Or, if you know you'll get some fractions of a pence for some reason, 11000dp (deci-pennies).
You do then need to consider the biggest value you will ever reach, and whether INT or BIGINT is more appropriate.
Also, when working with integers, be careful of divisions. If you divide £10 between 3 people, where does the last 1p need to go? £3.33 for two people and £3.34 for one person? £0.01 eaten by the bank? But, invariably, it should not get lost to the digital elves.
And, obviously, when presenting the number to a user, you then need to manipulate it back to £ rather than dp; but you need to do that often anyway, to get £10k or £10M, etc.
Whatever you do, and if you don't want rounding errors due to floating point values, don't use FLOAT.
(There is ALOT written on line about how to use floats, and more importantly, how not to. It's a big topic; just don't fall into the trap of "it's so accurate, it's amazing, it can do anything" - I can't count the number of time people have screwed up data using that unfortunately common but naive assumption.)

Why see -0,000000000000001 in access query?

I have an sql:
SELECT Sum(Field1), Sum(Field2), Sum(Field1)+Sum(Field2)
FROM Table
GROUP BY DateField
HAVING Sum(Field1)+Sum(Field2)<>0;
Problem is sometimes Sum of field1 and field2 is value like: 9.5-10.3 and the result is -0,800000000000001. Could anybody explain why this happens and how to solve it?
Problem is sometimes Sum of field1 and
field2 is value like: 9.5-10.3 and the
result is -0.800000000000001. Could
anybody explain why this happens and
how to solve it?
Why this happens
The float and double types store numbers in base 2, not in base 10. Sometimes, a number can be exactly represented in a finite number of bits.
9.5 → 1001.1
And sometimes it can't.
10.3 → 1010.0 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001...
In the latter case, the number will get rounded to the closest value that can be represented as a double:
1010.0100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010 base 2
= 10.300000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125 base 10
When the subtraction is done in binary, you get:
-0.11001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110100000
= -0.800000000000000710542735760100185871124267578125
Output routines will usually hide most of the "noise" digits.
Python 3.1 rounds it to -0.8000000000000007
SQLite 3.6 rounds it to -0.800000000000001.
printf %g rounds it to -0.8.
Note that, even on systems that display the value as -0.8, it's not the same as the best double approximation of -0.8, which is:
- 0.11001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011010
= -0.8000000000000000444089209850062616169452667236328125
So, in any programming language using double, the expression 9.5 - 10.3 == -0.8 will be false.
The decimal non-solution
With questions like these, the most common answer is "use decimal arithmetic". This does indeed get better output in this particular example. Using Python's decimal.Decimal class:
>>> Decimal('9.5') - Decimal('10.3')
Decimal('-0.8')
However, you'll still have to deal with
>>> Decimal(1) / 3 * 3
Decimal('0.9999999999999999999999999999')
>>> Decimal(2).sqrt() ** 2
Decimal('1.999999999999999999999999999')
These may be more familiar rounding errors than the ones binary numbers have, but that doesn't make them less important.
In fact, binary fractions are more accurate than decimal fractions with the same number of bits, because of a combination of:
The hidden bit unique to base 2, and
The suboptimal radix economy of decimal.
It's also much faster (on PCs) because it has dedicated hardware.
There is nothing special about base ten. It's just an arbitrary choice based on the number of fingers we have.
It would be just as accurate to say that a newborn baby weighs 0x7.5 lb (in more familiar terms, 7 lb 5 oz) as to say that it weighs 7.3 lb. (Yes, there's a 0.2 oz difference between the two, but it's within tolerance.) In general, decimal provides no advantage in representing physical measurements.
Money is different
Unlike physical quantities which are measured to a certain level of precision, money is counted and thus an exact quantity. The quirk is that it's counted in multiples of 0.01 instead of multiples of 1 like most other discrete quantities.
If your "10.3" really means $10.30, then you should use a decimal number type to represent the value exactly.
(Unless you're working with historical stock prices from the days when they were in 1/16ths of a dollar, in which case binary is adequate anyway ;-) )
Otherwise, it's just a display issue.
You got an answer correct to 15 significant digits. That's correct for all practical purposes. If you just want to hide the "noise", use the SQL ROUND function.
I'm certain it is because the float data type (aka Double or Single in MS Access) is inexact. It is not like decimal which is a simple value scaled by a power of 10. If I'm remembering correctly, float values can have different denominators which means that they don't always convert back to base 10 exactly.
The cure is to change Field1 and Field2 from float/single/double to decimal or currency. If you give examples of the smallest and largest values you need to store, including the smallest and largest fractions needed such as 0.0001 or 0.9999, we can possibly advise you better.
Be aware that versions of Access before 2007 can have problems with ORDER BY on decimal values. Please read the comments on this post for some more perspective on this. In many cases, this would not be an issue for people, but in other cases it might be.
In general, float should be used for values that can end up being extremely small or large (smaller or larger than a decimal can hold). You need to understand that float maintains more accurate scale at the cost of some precision. That is, a decimal will overflow or underflow where a float can just keep on going. But the float only has a limited number of significant digits, whereas a decimal's digits are all significant.
If you can't change the column types, then in the meantime you can work around the problem by rounding your final calculation. Don't round until the very last possible moment.
Update
A criticism of my recommendation to use decimal has been leveled, not the point about unexpected ORDER BY results, but that float is overall more accurate with the same number of bits.
No contest to this fact. However, I think it is more common for people to be working with values that are in fact counted or are expected to be expressed in base ten. I see questions over and over in forums about what's wrong with their floating-point data types, and I don't see these same questions about decimal. That means to me that people should start off with decimal, and when they're ready for the leap to how and when to use float they can study up on it and start using it when they're competent.
In the meantime, while it may be a tad frustrating to have people always recommending decimal when you know it's not as accurate, don't let yourself get divorced from the real world where having more familiar rounding errors at the expense of very slightly reduced accuracy is of value.
Let me point out to my detractors that the example
Decimal(1) / 3 * 3 yielding 1.999999999999999999999999999
is, in what should be familiar words, "correct to 27 significant digits" which is "correct for all practical purposes."
So if we have two ways of doing what is practically speaking the same thing, and both of them can represent numbers very precisely out to a ludicrous number of significant digits, and both require rounding but one of them has markedly more familiar rounding errors than the other, I can't accept that recommending the more familiar one is in any way bad. What is a beginner to make of a system that can perform a - a and not get 0 as an answer? He's going to get confusion, and be stopped in his work while he tries to fathom it. Then he'll go ask for help on a message board, and get told the pat answer "use decimal". Then he'll be just fine for five more years, until he has grown enough to get curious one day and finally studies and really grasps what float is doing and becomes able to use it properly.
That said, in the final analysis I have to say that slamming me for recommending decimal seems just a little bit off in outer space.
Last, I would like to point out that the following statement is not strictly true, since it overgeneralizes:
The float and double types store numbers in base 2, not in base 10.
To be accurate, most modern systems store floating-point data types with a base of 2. But not all! Some use or have used base 10. For all I know, there are systems which use base 3 which is closer to e and thus has a more optimal radix economy than base 2 representations (as if that really mattered to 99.999% of all computer users). Additionally, saying "float and double types" could be a little misleading, since double IS float, but float isn't double. Float is short for floating-point, but Single and Double are float(ing point) subtypes which connote the total precision available. There are also the Single-Extended and Double-Extended floating point data types.
It is probably an effect of floating point number implementations. Sometimes numbers cannot be exactly represented, and sometimes the result of operations is slightly off what we may expect for the same reason.
The fix would be to use a rounding function on the values to cut off the extraneous digits. Like this (I've simply rounded to 4 significant digits after the decimal, but of course you should use whatever precision is appropriate for your data):
SELECT Sum(Field1), Sum(Field2), Round(Sum(Field1)+Sum(Field2), 4)
FROM Table
GROUP BY DateField
HAVING Round(Sum(Field1)+Sum(Field2), 4)<>0;

Is there any reason for numeric rather than int in T-SQL?

Why would someone use numeric(12, 0) datatype for a simple integer ID column? If you have a reason why this is better than int or bigint I would like to hear it.
We are not doing any math on this column, it is simply an ID used for foreign key linking.
I am compiling a list of programming errors and performance issues about a product, and I want to be sure they didn't do this for some logical reason. If you follow this link:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187746.aspx
... you can see that the numeric(12, 0) uses 9 bytes of storage and being limited to 12 digits, theres a total of 2 trillion numbers if you include negatives. WHY would a person use this when they could use a bigint and get 10 million times as many numbers with one byte less storage. Furthermore, since this is being used as a product ID, the 4 billion numbers of a standard int would have been more than enough.
So before I grab the torches and pitch forks - tell me what they are going to say in their defense?
And no, I'm not making a huge deal out of nothing, there are hundreds of issues like this in the software, and it's all causing a huge performance problem and using too much space in the database. And we paid over a million bucks for this crap... so I take it kinda seriously.
Perhaps they're used to working with Oracle?
All numeric types including ints are normalized to a standard single representation among all platforms.
There are many reasons to use numeric - for example - financial data and other stuffs which need to be accurate to certain decimal places. However for the example you cited above, a simple int would have done.
Perhaps sloppy programmers working who didn't know how to to design a database ?
Before you take things too seriously, what is the data storage requirement for each row or set of rows for this item?
Your observation is correct, but you probably don't want to present it too strongly if you're reducing storage from 5000 bytes to 4090 bytes, for example.
You don't want to blow your credibility by bringing this up and having them point out that any measurable savings are negligible. ("Of course, many of our lesser-experienced staff also make the same mistake.")
Can you fill in these blanks?
with the data type change, we use
____ bytes of disk space instead of ____
____ ms per query instead of ____
____ network bandwidth instead of ____
____ network latency instead of ____
That's the kind of thing which will give you credibility.
How old is this application that you are looking into?
Previous to SQL Server 2000 there was no bigint. Maybe its just something that has made it from release to release for many years without being changed or the database schema was copied from an application that was this old?!?
In your example I can't think of any logical reason why you wouldn't use INT. I know there are probably reasons for other uses of numeric, but not in this instance.
According to: http://doc.ddart.net/mssql/sql70/da-db_1.htm
decimal
Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 -1 through 10^38 -1.
numeric
A synonym for decimal.
int
Integer (whole number) data from -2^31 (-2,147,483,648) through 2^31 - 1 (2,147,483,647).
It is impossible to know if there is a reason for them using decimal, since we have no code to look at though.
In some databases, using a decimal(10,0) creates a packed field which takes up less space. I know there are many tables around my work that use that. They probably had the same kind of thought here, but you have gone to the documentation and proven that to be incorrect. More than likely, I would say it will boil down to a case of "that's the way we have always done it, because someone one time said it was better".
It is possible they spend a LOT of time in MS Access and see 'Number' often and just figured, its a number, why not use numeric?
Based on your findings, it doesn't sound like they are the optimization experts, and just didn't know. I'm wondering if they used schema generation tools and just relied on them too much.
I wonder how efficient an index on a decimal value (even if 0 scale is set) for a primary key compares to a pure integer value.
Like Mark H. said, other than the indexing factor, this particular scenario likely isn't growing the database THAT much, but if you're looking for ammo, I think you did find some to belittle them with.
In your citation, the decimal shows precision of 1-9 as using 5 bytes. Your column apparently has 12,0 - using 4 bytes of storage - same as integer.
Moreover, INT, datatype can go to a power of 31:
-2^31 (-2,147,483,648) to 2^31-1 (2,147,483,647)
While decimal is much larger to 38:
- 10^38 +1 through 10^38 - 1
So the software creator was actually providing more while using the same amount of storage space.
Now, with the basics out of the way, the software creator actually limited themselves to just 12 numbers or 123,456,789,012 (just an example for place holders not a maximum number). If they used INT they could not scale this column - it would go up to the full 31 digits. Perhaps there is a business reason to limit this column and associated columns to 12 digits.
An INT is an INT, while a DECIMAL is scalar.
Hope this helps.
PS:
The whole number argument is:
A) Whole numbers are 0..infinity
B) Counting (Natural) numbers are 1..infinity
C) Integers are infinity (negative) .. infinity (positive)
D) I would not cite WikiANYTHING for anything. Come on, use a real source! May as well be http://MyPersonalMathCite.com