How can you select JSON object key values using SQL - sql

Question

I have some records in my database in a column called Swatch, that are JSON to describe a colour swatch. Each record looks something like this:
{"colors":{"color-1":"transparent","color-2":"transparent"}}
Basically it's one big colour object with lots of key value pairs. I would like to manipulate this JSON, using SQL, to achieve something like this instead to allow customisable colour names.
{"colors":[{"name": "Red", "color":"#00000"},{"name": "Green", "color":"#00000"}]
(Hex codes are just for demo purposes, I know they're not legit).
How can I achieve this? It is possible using SQL Server?

Answer 1

It may be possible, but a lot depends on the data and what you are trying to achieve.
There is a set of JSON functions available, most of them added in SQL 2016, and a pair more should be available in SQL Server 2022.
If you want to erase the current structure and data in favor of a new one that's easy.
If you want to convert your current structure to a different one, that might be pretty hard, but it's highly data related.
Let's consider your samples as the actual data you want to convert
{"colors":{"color-1":"transparent","color-2":"transparent"}}
{"colors":[{"name": "Red", "color":"#00000"},{"name": "Green", "color":"#00000"}]}
Here are the issues and complications I see
how can you say what color-1 is? what name does it have? that's human operation unless you have some ColorCode-ColorName table
Do you have a fixed/known amount of color-N keys? to get the property value cleanly you will need to reference them explicitly. (but I'm sure you can find other ways... without using JSON functions tho)
to change the structure you need to extract the data and build the new JSON string, basically a lot of string concatenation that will require quite some time to build and test
JSON function samples
I've played around with the JSON data and created some sample queries, I hope trying them will help you understand what it means to manipulate JSON data, and choose if SQL Server is a fitting tool for your task
-- key-values property
DECLARE #jdata2 as varchar(200) = '{"colors":{"color-1":"transparent","color-2":"transparent"}}'
SELECT
JSON_VALUE(#jdata2,'$."colors"."color-1"') AS Color1
,JSON_VALUE(#jdata2,'$."colors"."color-2"') AS Color2
,JSON_VALUE(#jdata2,'$."colors"."color-3"') AS Color3
GO
-- objects and arrays
DECLARE #jdata as varchar(200) = '{"company":"Contoso","colors":[{"name": "Red", "color":"#00000"},{"name": "Green", "color":"#00000"}]}'
SELECT JSON_QUERY(#jdata,'$.colors[0]')
SELECT JSON_VALUE(#jdata,'$.colors[0].name')
SELECT JSON_VALUE(#jdata,'$.company')
--Update property
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.company', 'Northwind')
--Add property
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.country', 'Italy')
--Add new Object
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.salesman', JSON_QUERY('{"name":"Mario","surname":"Rossi"}'))
--Append new Object in an Object array
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'append $.colors', JSON_QUERY('{"name":"Yellow", "color":"#00000"}','$'))
------ About DELETING
--Delete (whole) Property works fine
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.colors', NULL)
-- deleting sometihng inside an array is not fine at all
-- Should delete 1 value/object from the array... but no, 'null,' is left instead
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.colors[1]', NULL)
-- To "delete" properly pass the whole array or object array omitting the deleted value...
SELECT JSON_MODIFY(#jdata,'$.colors', JSON_QUERY('[{"name": "Green", "color":"#00000"}]'))