I'm trying to reduce the size of a pdf file by converting its images from color/gray to B/W and re-encode those images using the more efficient CCITT Group 4 or JBIG2 encoding.
Can it be done via Ghostscript? How?
If not, is there another CLI tool that can help?
Yes Ghostscript can be used many ways with MonoChrome Group 4 compression. Halftone/Dithered will be needed for GreyTones.
CCITT g4 is a highly efficient Monochrome FaX scanner / printer format, its GhostScript device output is available as:-
-sDEVICE=faxg4 and also can be used inside a multi page tiff -sDEVICE=tiffg4 or also as individual pages via -sDEVICE=tiffsep1
it can also be specified using -sCompression=g4
see https://ghostscript.com/doc/current/Devices.htm#fax
and https://ghostscript.com/doc/current/Devices.htm#TIFF
Ghostscript JBIG2 support is uni-directional as they provide a DeCoder library for decoding JBIG2 streams in PDF files. Thus its primary focus is the set of JBIG2 features supported in PDF. So it is used in decoding for PDL outputs but not as a compression DEVICE.
I have been looking for relevant information today, which brings me here. I think the JBIG2 encoder is not free, and Ghostscript doesn't provide that. On the other hand, for Ghostscript, CCITTFax encoder is just the default one for monochrome images.
Ghostscript, jbig2dec
Ghostscript, High Level Output Devices
Related
I'm seeing mixed information about GhostScript's handling of JPEG2000. Can GS generate PDFs with JP2 (JPX) compressed image content?
If so, what are the appropriate arguments?
The simple answer here is 'no'.
I need to convert scanned document images to a PDF document with high compression. Compression ratio is very important. Can someone recommend any solution on C# for this task?
Best regards, Alexander
There is a free program called PDFBeads that can do it. It requires Ruby, ImageMagick and optionally jbig2enc.
The PDF format itself will probably add next to no overhead in your case. I mean your images will account for most of the output file size.
So, you should compress your images with highest possible compression. For black-and-white images you might get smallest output using FAX4 or JBIG2 compression schemes (both supported in PDF files).
For other images (grayscale, color) either use smallest possible size, lowest resolution and quality, or convert images to black-and-white and use FAX4/JBIG2 compression scheme.
Please note, that most probably you will lose some detail of any image while converting to black-and-white.
If you are looking for a library that can help you with recompression then have a look at Docotic.Pdf library (Disclaimer: I am one of developers of the library).
The Optimize images sample code shows how to recompress images before adding them to PDF. The sample shows how to recompress with JPEG, but for FAX4 the code will be almost the same.
So there are some threads here on PDF compression saying that there is some, but not a lot of, gain in compressing PDFs as PDFs are already compressed.
My question is: Is this true for all PDFs including older version of the format?
Also I'm sure its possible for someone (an idiot maybe) to place bitmaps into the PDF rather than JPEG etc. Our company has a lot of PDFs in its DBs (some older formats maybe). We are considering using gzip to compress during transmission but don't know if its worth the hassle
PDFs in general use internal compression for the objects they contain. But this compression is by no means compulsory according to the file format specifications. All (or some) objects may appear completely uncompressed, and they would still make a valid PDF.
There are commandline tools out there which are able to decompress most (if not all) of the internal object streams (even of the most modern versions of PDFs) -- and the new, uncompressed version of the file will render exactly the same on screen or on paper (if printed).
So to answer your question: No, you cannot assume that a gzip compression is adding only hassle and no benefit. You have to test it with a representative sample set of your files. Just gzip them and take note of the time used and of the space saved.
It also depends on the type of PDF producing software which was used...
Instead of applying gzip compression, you would get much better gain by using PDF utilities to apply compression to the contents within the format as well as remove things like unneeded embedded fonts. Such utilities can downsample images and apply the proper image compression, which would be far more effective than gzip. JBIG2 can be applied to bilevel images and is remarkably effective, and JPEG can be applied to natural images with the quality level selected to suit your needs. In Acrobat Pro, you can use Advanced -> PDF Optimizer to see where space is used and selectively attack those consumers. There is also a generic Document -> Reduce File Size to automatically apply these reductions.
Update:
Ika's answer has a link to a PDF optimization utility that can be used from Java. You can look at their sample Java code there. That code lists exactly the things I mentioned:
Remove duplicated fonts, images, ICC profiles, and any other data stream.
Optionally convert high-quality or print-ready PDF files to small, efficient and web-ready PDF.
Optionally down-sample large images to a given resolution.
Optionally compress or recompress PDF images using JBIG2 and JPEG2000 compression formats.
Compress uncompressed streams and remove unused PDF objects.
I was able to use Ned Batchelder's python code, which I converted to C++, to extract jpgs from pdf files. I'm wondering if the same technique can be used to extract tiff files and if so, does anyone know the appropriate offsets and markers to find them?
Thanks,
David
PDF files may contain different image data (not surprisingly).
Most common cases are:
Fax data (CCITT Group 3 and 4)
raw raster data with decoding parameters and optional palette all compressed with Deflate or LZW compression
JPEG data
Recently, I (as developer of a PDF library) start noticing more and more PDFs with JBIG2 image data. Also, JPEG2000 sometimes can be put into a PDF.
I should say, that you probably can extract JPEG/JBIG2/JPEG2000 data into corresponding *.jpeg / *.jp2 / *.jpx files without external libraries but be prepared for all kinds of weird PDFs emitted by broken generators. Also, PDFs quite often use object streams so you'll need to implement sophisticated parser for PDF.
Fax data (i.e. what you probably call TIFF) should be at least packed into a valid TIFF. You can borrow some code for that from open source libtiff for example.
And then comes raw raster data. I don't think that it makes sense to try to extract such data without help of a library. You could do that, of course, but it will take months of work.
So, if you are trying to extract only specific kind of image data from a set of PDFs all created with the same generator, then your task is probably feasible. In all other cases I would recommend to save time, money and hair and use a library for the task.
PDF files store Jpegs as actual JPEGS (DCT and JPX encoding) so in most cases you can rip the data out. With Tiffs, you are looking for CCITT data (but you will need to add a header to the data to make it a Tiff). I wrote 2 blog articles on images in PDF files at http://www.jpedal.org/PDFblog/2010/09/understanding-the-pdf-file-format-images/ and http://www.jpedal.org/PDFblog/2011/07/extract-raw-jpeg-images-from-a-pdf-file/ which might help.
I have an input PDF file (usually, but not always generated by pdfTeX), which I want to convert to an output PDF, which is visually equivalent (no matter the resolution), it has the same metadata (Unicode text info, hyperlinks, outlines etc.), but the file size is as small as possible.
I know about the following methods:
java -cp Multivalent.jar tool.pdf.Compress input.pdf (from http://multivalent.sourceforge.net/). This recompresses all streams, removes unused objects, unifies equivalent objects, compresses whitespace, removes default values, compresses the cross-reference table.
Recompressing suitable images with jbig2 and PNGOUT.
Re-encoding Type1 fonts as CFF fonts.
Unifying equivalent images.
Unifying subsets of the same font to a bigger subset.
Remove fillable forms.
When distilling or otherwise converting (e.g. gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite), make sure it doesn't degrade image quality, and doesn't increase (!) the image sizes.
I know about the following techniques, but they don't apply in my case, since I already have a PDF:
Use smaller and/or less fonts.
Use vector images instead bitmap images.
Do you have any other ideas how to optimize PDF?
Optimize PDF Files
Avoid Refried Graphics
For graphics that must be inserted as bitmaps, prepare them for maximum compressibility and minimum dimensions. Use the best quality images that you can at the output resolution of the PDF. Inserting compressed JPEGs into PDFs and Distilling them may recompress JPEGs, which can create noticeable artifacts. Use black and white images and text instead of color images to allow the use of the newer JBIG2 standard that excels in monochromatic compression. Be sure to turn off thumbnails when saving PDFs for the Web.
Use Vector Graphics
Use vector-based graphics wherever possible for images that would normally be made into GIFs. Vector images scale perfectly, look marvelous, and their mathematical formulas usually take up less space than bitmapped graphics that describe every pixel (although there are some cases where bitmap graphics are actually smaller than vector graphics). You can also compress vector image data using ZIP compression, which is built into the PDF format. Acrobat Reader version 5 and 6 also support the SVG standard.
Minimize Fonts
How you use fonts, especially in smaller PDFs, can have a significant impact on file size. Minimize the number of fonts you use in your documents to minimize their impact on file size. Each additional fully embedded font can easily take 40K in file size, which is why most authors create "subsetted" fonts that only include the glyphs actually used.
Flatten Fat Forms
Acrobat forms can take up a lot of space in your PDFs. New in Acrobat 8 Pro you can flatten form fields in the Advanced -> PDF Optimizer -> Discard Objects dialog. Flattening forms makes form fields unusable and form data is merged with the page. You can also use PDF Enhancer from Apago to reduce forms by 50% by removing information present in the file but never actually used. You can also combine a refried PDF with the old form pages to create a hybrid PDF in Acrobat (see "Refried PDF" section below).
see article
From PDF specification version 1.5 there are two new methods of compression, object streams and cross reference streams.
You mention that the Multivalent.jar compress tool compresses the cross reference table. This usually means the cross reference table is converted into a stream and then compressed.
The format of this cross reference stream is not fixed. You can change the bit size of the three "columns" of data. It's also possible to pre-process the stream data using a predictor function which will improve the compression level of the data. If you look inside the PDF with a text editor you might be able to find the /Predictor entry in the cross reference stream dictionary to check whether the tool you're using is taking advantage of this feature.
Using a predictor on the compression might be handy for images too.
The second type of compression offered is the use of object streams.
Often in a PDF you have many similar objects. These can now be combined into a single object and then compressed. The documentation for the Multivalent Compress tool mentions that object streams are used but doesn't have many details on the actual choice of which objects to group together. The compression will be better if you group similar objects together into an object stream.