When I'm trying to pass the API endpoint values in the post API file, KeryError has unfortunately been raised. In the baseapi.ini file, I wrote [API] endpoint = value
Post API file:
import requests
from APIs.payLoad import addBookPayload
from Utilities.configration import config
from Utilities.resources import *
url = config()['API']['endpoint']+ApiResources.addBook
header = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
response = requests.post(url, json=addBookPayload("pl74"), headers=header,)
print(response.json())
response_json = response.json()
book_ID = response_json['ID']
Error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Muhammad Azmul Haq\PycharmProjects\BackEndProject\APIs\PostAPI.py", line 8, in <module>
url = config()['API']['endpoint']+ApiResources.addBook
File "C:\Users\Muhammad Azmul Haq\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\configparser.py", line 960, in __getitem__
raise KeyError(key)
KeyError: 'API'
Does anyone have an idea what I did wrong Kind regards?
You are not initializing your global variable in config before accessing it. Try assigning value in the current file,
or
Put all configure in the separate configuration file and import that configuration file.
Related
Sending jpg image in body of POST, using postman to do so:
Reading it with
image_text_similarity.py:
import json
class ImageTextSimilarity():
def on_post(self, req, resp):
image_raw = json.loads(req.stream.read())
which errors out with
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/dario/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/sync.py", line 134, in handle
self.handle_request(listener, req, client, addr)
File "/home/dario/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/gunicorn/workers/sync.py", line 175, in handle_request
respiter = self.wsgi(environ, resp.start_response)
File "falcon/api.py", line 274, in falcon.api.API.__call__
File "falcon/api.py", line 269, in falcon.api.API.__call__
File "/home/dario/ImageTextSimilarityApp/image_text_similarity.py", line 95, in on_post
image_raw = json.loads(req.stream.read())
File "/usr/lib/python3.6/json/__init__.py", line 349, in loads
s = s.decode(detect_encoding(s), 'surrogatepass')
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xff in position 0: invalid start byte
How do we read the image from the body of the POST request?
Rest of the code is
image_similarity_app.py:
import falcon
from image_text_similarity import ImageTextSimilarity
api = application = falcon.API()
api.req_options.auto_parse_form_urlencoded = True
image_text_similarity_object = ImageTextSimilarity()
api.add_route('/image_text_similarity', image_text_similarity_object)
And starting the service with gunicorn image_similarity_app
I'm not an expert at Postman, but it appears that by choosing binary, you are sending your JPEG image data as the request body: Postman Chrome: What is the difference between form-data, x-www-form-urlencoded and raw
In Falcon, you can simply read the request payload as
jpeg_data = req.stream.read()
(Note that on some app servers such as the stdlib's wsgiref.simple_server, you may need to use the safe Request.bounded_stream wrapper.)
See also Falcon's WSGI and ASGI tutorials for inspiration; they use are very related topic (building an image service) to illustrate the basic concepts of the framework. You'll find examples how to handle RESTful image resources: upload, convert, store, list, serve, cache etc.
I am developing a WSGI application on Windows. I use peewee (which is supposedly unrelated) and:
falcon==2.0.0
waitress==1.4.3
I have the following code in my resources.py:
from models import Board
class BoardResource:
def on_get_collection(self, req, resp):
resp.media = Board.select()
def on_get(self, req, resp):
code = req.get_param('code')
resp.media = Board.get_by_id(code)
I have the following code in my app.py:
import falcon
import models
from resources import BoardResource
def init():
models.init()
api = falcon.API()
api.add_route('/boards', BoardResource, suffix='collection')
api.add_route('/board', BoardResource)
return api
api = init()
I start the app with this command: waitress-serve app:api. When I request /boards from the API, I get this error:
ERROR:waitress:Exception while serving /boards
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\users\pepsiman\.virtualenvs\hsech-api\lib\site-packages\waitress\channel.py", line 349, in service
task.service()
File "c:\users\pepsiman\.virtualenvs\hsech-api\lib\site-packages\waitress\task.py", line 169, in service
self.execute()
File "c:\users\pepsiman\.virtualenvs\hsech-api\lib\site-packages\waitress\task.py", line 439, in execute
app_iter = self.channel.server.application(environ, start_response)
File "c:\users\pepsiman\.virtualenvs\hsech-api\lib\site-packages\falcon\api.py", line 269, in __call__
responder(req, resp, **params)
TypeError: on_get_collection() missing 1 required positional argument: 'resp'
I decided to remove the self argument from the definiton of on_get_collection and the error was gone. I know that self must be there and have no idea why it doesn't work like that. Any ideas how to fix?
I have found the problem myself: when calling api.add_route the responder class must indeed be instantiated, thus the following lines:
api.add_route('/boards', BoardResource, suffix='collection')
api.add_route('/board', BoardResource)
need to be modified like this:
api.add_route('/boards', BoardResource(), suffix='collection')
api.add_route('/board', BoardResource())
Of course it works without removing the self argument from the definitions.
I hope this silly mistake of mine will help someone fix theirs.
I am trying to access Google Sheet (read only mode) from Python (runs in GKE).
I am able to get application default creds, but getting scopes issue (as I am missing https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets.readonly scope). See code below:
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
from oauth2client import client
creds=client.GoogleCredentials.get_application_default()
service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=creds)
sheet = service.spreadsheets()
sheet.values().get(spreadsheetId='XXXXXXXXXX', range='Sheet1!A:C').execute()
The output is:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/oauth2client/_helpers.py", line 133, in positional_wrapper
return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/googleapiclient/http.py", line 840, in execute
raise HttpError(resp, content, uri=self.uri)
googleapiclient.errors.HttpError: <HttpError 403 when requesting https://sheets.googleapis.com/v4/spreadsheets/XXXXXX/values/Sheet1%21A%3AC?alt=json returned "Request had insufficient authentication scopes.">
I tried to read any documentation available, but al of the relevant scope related is using external service account JSON file.
Is there a way to use Application Default and add the required scope?
Answer:
You need to define your scopes in the create_scoped() method of GoogleCredentials.get_application_default().
Code snippet:
creds = GoogleCredentials.get_application_default().create_scoped(
['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets.readonly'])
References:
oauth2client.client module - oauth2client 4.1.2 documentation
Source code for oauth2client.client - GoogleCredentials.create_scoped
The library oauth2client is now deprecated. Use this library google-auth instead.
The user guide is here:
https://google-auth.readthedocs.io/en/master/user-guide.html
So this code:
from oauth2client.client import GoogleCredentials
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
scopes = [
'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform'
'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets.readonly',
]
credentials = GoogleCredentials.get_application_default().create_scoped(scopes)
service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=credentials)
Should be replaced with this code:
from google import auth
from googleapiclient.discovery import build
scopes = [
'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform'
'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets.readonly',
]
credentials, project_id = auth.default(scopes=scopes) # Returns a tuple.
service = build('sheets', 'v4', credentials=credentials)
Also, another library google-auth-httplib2 might be needed for the library google-auth to work properly based on this reply:
https://github.com/googleapis/google-auth-library-python/issues/190#issuecomment-322837328
This is my third python project, and I've received an error message: 'module object' is not callable.
I know that this means I'm referencing a variable or function incorrectly. But trial and error hasn't been able to help me solve this.
import urllib
def get_url(url):
'''get_url accepts a URL string and return the server response code, response headers, and contents of the file'''
req_headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/525.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/0.A.B.C Safari/525.13',
'Referer': 'http://python.org'}
#errors here on next line
request = urllib.request(url, headers=req_headers) # create a request object for the URL
opener = urllib.build_opener() # create an opener object
response = opener.open(request) # open a connection and receive the http response headers + contents
code = response.code
headers = response.headers # headers object
contents = response.read() # contents of the URL (HTML, javascript, css, img, etc.)
return code , headers, contents
testURL = get_url('http://www.urlhere.filename.zip')
print ("outputs: %s" % (testURL,))
I've been using this link for reference:
http://docs.python.org/release/3.0.1/library/urllib.request.html
Traceback:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Project\LinkCrawl\LinkCrawl.py", line 31, in <module>
testURL = get_url('http://www.urlhere.filename.zip')
File "C:\Project\LinkCrawl\LinkCrawl.py", line 21, in get_url
request = urllib.request(url, headers=req_headers) # create a request object for the URL
TypeError: 'module' object is not callable
In python 3, the urllib.request object is a module. You need to call objects contained in this module. This is an important change from Python 2, if you are using example code you need to take that into account.
For example, creating the Request object and the opener:
request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=req_headers)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener()
response = opener.open(request)
Read the documentation carefully.
urllib.request is a module. urllib.request.Request is a class. Calling a module like you're currently doing raises an error. You probably want to call the class, like this:
request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=req_headers) # create a request object for the URL
You'll also probably want to use build_opener of urllib.request rather than just urllib:
opener = urllib.request.build_opener() # create an opener object
It also occurs if you have declared the returning method as a property method by annotating with #property.
UPDATE: Problem related to bug in jython 2.7b1. See bug report: http://bugs.jython.org/issue2021. jython-coders are working on a fix!
After changing to jython2.7beta1 from Jython2.5.3 I am no longer able to read content of webpages using SSL, http and "trusting all certificates". The response from the https-page is always an empty string, resulting in httplib.BadStatusLine exception from httplib.py in Jython.
I need to be able to read from a webpage which requires authentication and do not want to setup any certificate store since I must have portability. Therefore my solution is to use the excellent implementation provided by http://tech.pedersen-live.com/2010/10/trusting-all-certificates-in-jython/
Example code is detailed below. Twitter might not be the best example, since it does not require certificate trusting; but the result is the same with or without the decorator.
#! /usr/bin/python
import sys
from javax.net.ssl import TrustManager, X509TrustManager
from jarray import array
from javax.net.ssl import SSLContext
class TrustAllX509TrustManager(X509TrustManager):
# Define a custom TrustManager which will blindly
# accept all certificates
def checkClientTrusted(self, chain, auth):
pass
def checkServerTrusted(self, chain, auth):
pass
def getAcceptedIssuers(self):
return None
# Create a static reference to an SSLContext which will use
# our custom TrustManager
trust_managers = array([TrustAllX509TrustManager()], TrustManager)
TRUST_ALL_CONTEXT = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL")
TRUST_ALL_CONTEXT.init(None, trust_managers, None)
# Keep a static reference to the JVM's default SSLContext for restoring
# at a later time
DEFAULT_CONTEXT = SSLContext.getDefault()
def trust_all_certificates(f):
# Decorator function that will make it so the context of the decorated
# method will run with our TrustManager that accepts all certificates
def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
# Only do this if running under Jython
if 'java' in sys.platform:
from javax.net.ssl import SSLContext
SSLContext.setDefault(TRUST_ALL_CONTEXT)
print "SSLContext set to TRUST_ALL"
try:
res = f(*args, **kwargs)
return res
finally:
SSLContext.setDefault(DEFAULT_CONTEXT)
else:
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapped
##trust_all_certificates
def read_page(host):
import httplib
print "Host: " + host
conn = httplib.HTTPSConnection(host)
conn.set_debuglevel(1)
conn.request('GET', '/example')
response = conn.getresponse()
print response.read()
read_page("twitter.com")
This results in:
Host: twitter.com
send: 'GET /example HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: twitter.com\r\nAccept-Encoding: identity\r\n\r\n'
reply: ''
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "jytest.py", line 62, in <module>
read_page("twitter.com")
File "jytest.py", line 59, in read_page
response = conn.getresponse()
File "/Users/erikiveroth/Workspace/Procera/sandbox/jython/jython2.7.jar/Lib/httplib.py", line 1030, in getresponse
File "/Users/erikiveroth/Workspace/Procera/sandbox/jython/jython2.7.jar/Lib/httplib.py", line 407, in begin
File "/Users/erikiveroth/Workspace/Procera/sandbox/jython/jython2.7.jar/Lib/httplib.py", line 371, in _read_status
httplib.BadStatusLine: ''
Changing back to jython2.5.3 gives me parseable output from twitter.
Have any of you seen this before? Can not find any bug-tickets on jython project page about this nor can I understand what changes could result in this behaviour (more than maybe #1309, but I do not understand if it is related to my problem).
Cheers