I encounter a problem with optimization.
When I use a query like this:
Select * (around 100 columns)
from x
where RepoDate = '2020-05-18'
It's taking around 0.2 seconds.
Unless I'm using query like this:
Select * (around 100 columns)
from x
where RepoDate = (select max(RepoDate) from y)
It takes around 1 hour.
Table y has only dates (2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, ... )
Can you tell me why there is so much difference in time to execute?
Technically, you are comparing a simple first query with a query having another subquery that might be processing a heavy table "y" already.
So these two queries are not the same to start with. We need to have explain plans to have an estimation of the cost of the subquery first (i.e. how many rows, index usage etc.) then we move to the parent query.
Related
Scenario: Medical records reporting to state government which requires a pipe delimited text file as input.
Challenge: Select hundreds of values from a fact table and produce a wide result set to be (Redshift) UNLOADed to disk.
What I have tried so far is a SQL that I want to make into a VIEW.
;WITH
CTE_patient_record AS
(
SELECT
record_id
FROM fact_patient_record
WHERE update_date = <yesterday>
)
,CTE_patient_record_item AS
(
SELECT
record_id
,record_item_name
,record_item_value
FROM fact_patient_record_item fpri
INNER JOIN CTE_patient_record cpr ON fpri.record_id = cpr.record_id
)
Note that fact_patient_record has 87M rows and fact_patient_record_item has 97M rows.
The above code runs in 2 seconds for 2 test records and the CTE_patient_record_item CTE has about 200 rows per record for a total of about 400.
Now, produce the result set:
,CTE_result AS
(
SELECT
cpr.record_id
,cpri002.record_item_value AS diagnosis_1
,cpri003.record_item_value AS diagnosis_2
,cpri004.record_item_value AS medication_1
...
FROM CTE_patient_record cpr
INNER JOIN CTE_patient_record_item cpri002 ON cpr.cpr.record_id = cpri002.cpr.record_id
AND cpri002.record_item_name = 'diagnosis_1'
INNER JOIN CTE_patient_record_item cpri003 ON cpr.cpr.record_id = cpri003.cpr.record_id
AND cpri003.record_item_name = 'diagnosis_2'
INNER JOIN CTE_patient_record_item cpri004 ON cpr.cpr.record_id = cpri004.cpr.record_id
AND cpri003.record_item_name = 'mediation_1'
...
) SELECT * FROM CTE_result
Result set looks like this:
record_id diagnosis_1 diagnosis_2 medication_1 ...
100001 09 9B 88X ...
...and then I use the Reshift UNLOAD command to write to disk pipe delimited.
I am testing this on a full production sized environment but only for 2 test records.
Those 2 test records have about 200 items each.
Processing output is 2 rows 200 columns wide.
It takes 30 to 40 minutes to process just just the 2 records.
You might ask me why I am joining on the item name which is a string. Basically there is no item id, no integer, to join on. Long story.
I am looking for suggestions on how to improve performance. With only 2 records, 30 to 40 minutes is unacceptable. What will happen when I have 1000s of records?
I have also tried making the VIEW a MATERIALIZED VIEW however, it takes 30 to 40 minutes (not surprisingly) to compile the materialized view also.
I am not sure which route to take from here.
Stored procedure? I have experience with stored procs.
Create new tables so I can create integer id's to join on and indexes? However, my managers are "new table" averse.
?
I could just stop with the first two CTEs, pull the data down to python and process using pandas dataframe which I've done before successfully but it would be nice if I could have an efficient query, just use Redshift UNLOAD and be done with it.
Any help would be appreciated.
UPDATE: Many thanks to Paul Coulson and Bill Weiner for pointing me in the right direction! (Paul I am unable to upvote your answer as I am too new here).
Using (pseudo code):
MAX(CASE WHEN t1.name = 'somename' THEN t1.value END ) AS name
...
FROM table1 t1
reduced execution time from 30 minutes to 30 seconds.
EXPLAIN PLAN for the original solution is 2700 lines long, for the new solution using conditional aggregation is 40 lines long.
Thanks guys.
Without some more information it is impossible to know what is going on for sure but what you are doing is likely not ideal. An explanation plan and the execution time per step would help a bunch.
What I suspect is getting you is that you are reading a 97M row table 200 times. This will slow things down but shouldn't take 40 min. So I also suspect that record_item_name is not unique per value of record_id. This will lead to row replication and could be expanding the data set many fold. Also is record_id unique in fact_patient_record? If not then this will cause row replication. If all of this is large enough to cause significant spill and significant network broadcasting your 40 min execution time is very plausible.
There is no need to be joining when all the data is in a single copy of the table. #PhilCoulson is correct that some sort of conditional aggregation could be applied and the decode() syntax could save you space if you don't like case. Several of the above issues that might be affecting your joins would also make this aggregation complicated. What are you looking for if there are several values for record_item_value for each record_id and record_item_name pair? I expect you have some discovery of what your data holds in your future.
vw_project is a view which involves 20 CTEs, join them multiple times and return 56 columns
many of these CTEs are self-joins (the classic "last row per group", in our case we get the last related object product / customer / manager per Project)
most of the tables (maybe 40 ?) involved don't exceed 1000 rows, the view itself returns 634 rows.
We are trying to improve the very bad performances of this view.
We denormalized (went from TPT to TPH), and reduce by half the number of joins with almost no impact.
But i don't understand the following results i am obtaining :
select * from vw_Project (TPT)
2 sec
select * from vw_Project (TPH)
2 sec
select Id from vw_Project (TPH , TPT is instant)
6 sec
select 1 from vw_Project (TPH , TPT is instant)
6 sec
select count(1) from vw_Project (TPH , TPT is instant)
6 sec
Execution plan for the last one (6 sec) :
https://www.brentozar.com/pastetheplan/?id=r1DqRciBW
execution plan after sp_updatestats
https://www.brentozar.com/pastetheplan/?id=H1Cuwsor-
To me, that seems absurd, I don't understand what's happening and it's hard to know whether my optimization strategies are relevant since I have no idea what justifies the apparently irrationnal behaviors I'm observing...
Any clue ?
CTE has no guarantee order to run the statements and 20 CTEs are far too many in my opinion. You can use OPTION (FORCE ORDER) to force execution from top to bottom.
For selecting few thousand rows however anything more than 1 sec is not acceptable regardless of complexity. I would choose an approach of a table function so i would have the luxury to create hash tables or table variables inside to have full control of each step. This way you limit the optimizer scope within each step alone.
I'm working with a non-profit that is mapping out solar potential in the US. Needless to say, we have a ridiculously large PostgreSQL 9 database. Running a query like the one shown below is speedy until the order by line is uncommented, in which case the same query takes forever to run (185 ms without sorting compared to 25 minutes with). What steps should be taken to ensure this and other queries run in a more manageable and reasonable amount of time?
select A.s_oid, A.s_id, A.area_acre, A.power_peak, A.nearby_city, A.solar_total
from global_site A cross join na_utility_line B
where (A.power_peak between 1.0 AND 100.0)
and A.area_acre >= 500
and A.solar_avg >= 5.0
AND A.pc_num <= 1000
and (A.fips_level1 = '06' AND A.fips_country = 'US' AND A.fips_level2 = '025')
and B.volt_mn_kv >= 69
and B.fips_code like '%US06%'
and B.status = 'active'
and ST_within(ST_Centroid(A.wkb_geometry), ST_Buffer((B.wkb_geometry), 1000))
--order by A.area_acre
offset 0 limit 11;
The sort is not the problem - in fact the CPU and memory cost of the sort is close to zero since Postgres has Top-N sort where the result set is scanned while keeping up to date a small sort buffer holding only the Top-N rows.
select count(*) from (1 million row table) -- 0.17 s
select * from (1 million row table) order by x limit 10; -- 0.18 s
select * from (1 million row table) order by x; -- 1.80 s
So you see the Top-10 sorting only adds 10 ms to a dumb fast count(*) versus a lot longer for a real sort. That's a very neat feature, I use it a lot.
OK now without EXPLAIN ANALYZE it's impossible to be sure, but my feeling is that the real problem is the cross join. Basically you're filtering the rows in both tables using :
where (A.power_peak between 1.0 AND 100.0)
and A.area_acre >= 500
and A.solar_avg >= 5.0
AND A.pc_num <= 1000
and (A.fips_level1 = '06' AND A.fips_country = 'US' AND A.fips_level2 = '025')
and B.volt_mn_kv >= 69
and B.fips_code like '%US06%'
and B.status = 'active'
OK. I don't know how many rows are selected in both tables (only EXPLAIN ANALYZE would tell), but it's probably significant. Knowing those numbers would help.
Then we got the worst case CROSS JOIN condition ever :
and ST_within(ST_Centroid(A.wkb_geometry), ST_Buffer((B.wkb_geometry), 1000))
This means all rows of A are matched against all rows of B (so, this expression is going to be evaluated a large number of times), using a bunch of pretty complex, slow, and cpu-intensive functions.
Of course it's horribly slow !
When you remove the ORDER BY, postgres just comes up (by chance ?) with a bunch of matching rows right at the start, outputs those, and stops since the LIMIT is reached.
Here's a little example :
Tables a and b are identical and contain 1000 rows, and a column of type BOX.
select * from a cross join b where (a.b && b.b) --- 0.28 s
Here 1000000 box overlap (operator &&) tests are completed in 0.28s. The test data set is generated so that the result set contains only 1000 rows.
create index a_b on a using gist(b);
create index b_b on a using gist(b);
select * from a cross join b where (a.b && b.b) --- 0.01 s
Here the index is used to optimize the cross join, and speed is ridiculous.
You need to optimize that geometry matching.
add columns which will cache :
ST_Centroid(A.wkb_geometry)
ST_Buffer((B.wkb_geometry), 1000)
There is NO POINT in recomputing those slow functions a million times during your CROSS JOIN, so store the results in a column. Use a trigger to keep them up to date.
add columns of type BOX which will cache :
Bounding Box of ST_Centroid(A.wkb_geometry)
Bounding Box of ST_Buffer((B.wkb_geometry), 1000)
add gist indexes on the BOXes
add a Box overlap test (using the && operator) which will use the index
keep your ST_Within which will act as a final filter on the rows that pass
Maybe you can just index the ST_Centroid and ST_Buffer columns... and use an (indexed) "contains" operator, see here :
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.2/static/functions-geometry.html
I would suggest creating an index on area_acre. You may want to take a look at the following: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.0/static/sql-createindex.html
I would recommend doing this sort of thing off of peak hours though because this can be somewhat intensive with a large amount of data. One thing you will have to look at as well with indexes is rebuilding them on a schedule to ensure performance over time. Again this schedule should be outside of peak hours.
You may want to take a look at this article from a fellow SO'er and his experience with database slowdowns over time with indexes: Why does PostgresQL query performance drop over time, but restored when rebuilding index
If the A.area_acre field is not indexed that may slow it down. You can run the query with EXPLAIN to see what it is doing during execution.
First off I would look at creating indexes , ensure your db is being vacuumed, increase the shared buffers for your db install, work_mem settings.
First thing to look at is whether you have an index on the field you're ordering by. If not, adding one will dramatically improve performance. I don't know postgresql that well but something similar to:
CREATE INDEX area_acre ON global_site(area_acre)
As noted in other replies, the indexing process is intensive when working with a large data set, so do this during off-peak.
I am not familiar with the PostgreSQL optimizations, but it sounds like what is happening when the query is run with the ORDER BY clause is that the entire result set is created, then it is sorted, and then the top 11 rows are taken from that sorted result. Without the ORDER BY, the query engine can just generate the first 11 rows in whatever order it pleases and then it's done.
Having an index on the area_acre field very possibly may not help for the sorting (ORDER BY) depending on how the result set is built. It could, in theory, be used to generate the result set by traversing the global_site table using an index on area_acre; in that case, the results would be generated in the desired order (and it could stop after generating 11 rows in the result). If it does not generate the results in that order (and it seems like it may not be), then that index will not help in sorting the results.
One thing you might try is to remove the "CROSS JOIN" from the query. I doubt that this will make a difference, but it's worth a test. Because a WHERE clause is involved joining the two tables (via ST_WITHIN), I believe the result is the same as an inner join. It is possible that the use of the CROSS JOIN syntax is causing the optimizer to make an undesirable choice.
Otherwise (aside from making sure indexes exist for fields that are being filtered), you could play a bit of a guessing game with the query. One condition that stands out is the area_acre >= 500. This means that the query engine is considering all rows that meet that condition. But then only the first 11 rows are taken. You could try changing it to area_acre >= 500 and area_acre <= somevalue. The somevalue is the guessing part that would need adjustment to make sure you get at least 11 rows. This, however, seems like a pretty cheesy thing to do, so I mention it with some reticence.
Have you considered creating Expression based indexes for the benefit of the hairier joins and where conditions?
I need to select data from one table and insert it into another table. Currently the SQL looks something like this:
INSERT INTO A (x, y, z)
SELECT x, y, z
FROM B b
WHERE ...
However, the SELECT is huge, resulting in over 2 millions rows and we think it is taking up too much memory. Informix, the db in this case, runs out of virtual memory when the query is run.
How would I go about selecting and inserting a set of rows (say 2000)? Given that I don't think there are any row ids etc.
You can do SELECT FIRST n * from Table. Where n is the amount of rows you want, say 2000. Also, in the WHERE clause do an embedded select that checks the table you are inserting in to for rows already existing. So that the next time the statement is ran, it will not include already inserted data.
I assume that you have some script that this is executed from? You can just loop and limit as long as you order the values returned from the nested select. Here is some pseudo code.
total = SELECT COUNT(x) FROM B WHERE ...
while (total > 0)
INSERT INTO A (x, y, z) SELECT x, y, z FROM B b WHERE ... ORDER BY x LIMIT 2000
total = total - 2000
end
I'm almost certain that IDS only lets you use the FIRST clause where the data is returned to the client1, and that is something you want to avoid if at all possible.
You say you get an out of memory error (rather than, say, a long transaction aborted error)? Have you looked at the configuration of your server to ensure it has a reasonable amount of memory?
It depends in part on how big your data set is, and what the constraints are - why you are doing the load across tables. But I would normally aim to determine a way of partitioning the data into loadable subsets and run those sequentially in a loop. For example, if the sequence numbers are between 1 and 10,000,000, I might run the loop ten times, with condition on the sequence number for AND seqnum >= 0 AND seqnum < 1000000' and thenAND seqnum >= 1000000 AND seqnum < 2000000', etc. Preferably in a language with the ability to substitute the range via variables.
This is a bit nuisancy, and you want to err on the conservative side in terms of range size (more smaller partitions rather than fewer bigger ones - to reduce the risk of running out of memory).
1 Over-simplifying slightly. A stored procedure would have to count as 'the client', for example, and the communication cost in a stored procedure is (a lot) less than the cost of going to the genuine client.
I've got a simple select query which executes in under 1 second normally, but when I add in a contains(column, 'text') into the where clause, suddenly it's running for 20 seconds up to a minute. The table it's selecting from has around 208k rows.
Any ideas what would cause this query to run so slow with just the addition of the contains clause?
Substring matching is a computationally expensive operation. Is the field indexed? If this is a major feature implementation, consider a search-caching table so you can simply lookup where the words exist.
Depending on the search keyword and the median length of characters in the column it is logical that it would take a long time.
Consider searching for 'cookie' in a column with median length 100 characters in a dataset of 200k rows.
Best case scenario with early outs, you would do 100 * 200k = 20m comparisons
Worst case scenario near missing on every compare, you would do (5 * 100) * 200k = 100m comparisons
Generally I would:
reorder your query to filter out as much as possible in advance prior to string matching
limit number of the results if you don't need all of them at once (TOP x)
reduce the number characters in your search term
reduce the number of search terms by filtering out terms that are likely to match a lot, or not at all (if applicable)
cache query results if possible (however cache invalidation can get pretty tricky if you want to do it right)
Try this:
SELECT *
FROM table
WHERE CONTAINS((column1, column2, column3), '"*keyword*"')
Instead of this:
SELECT *
FROM table
WHERE CONTAINS(column1, '"*keyword*"')
OR CONTAINS(column2, '"*keyword*"')
OR CONTAINS(column3y, '"*keyword*"')
The first one is a lot faster.
CONTAINS does a lot of extra work. There's a few things to note here:
NVarChar is always faster, so do CONTAINS(column, N'text')
If all you want to do is see if the word is in there, compare the performance to column LIKE '%' + text + '%'.
Compare query plans before and after, did it go to a table scan? If so, post more so we can figure out why.
In ultimo, you can break up the text's individual words into a separate table so they can be indexed.