I'm trying to train a model for a sentence classification task. The input is a sentence (a vector of integers) and the output is a label (0 or 1). I've seen some articles here and there about using Bert and GPT2 for text classification tasks. However, I'm not sure which one should I pick to start with. Which of these recent models in NLP such as original Transformer model, Bert, GPT2, XLNet would you use to start with? And why? I'd rather to implement in Tensorflow, but I'm flexible to go for PyTorch too.
Thanks!
It highly depends on your dataset and is part of the data scientist's job to find which model is more suitable for a particular task in terms of selected performance metric, training cost, model complexity etc.
When you work on the problem you will probably test all of the above models and compare them. Which one of them to choose first? Andrew Ng in "Machine Learning Yearning" suggest starting with simple model so you can quickly iterate and test your idea, data preprocessing pipeline etc.
Don’t start off trying to design and build the perfect system.
Instead, build and train a basic system quickly—perhaps in just a few
days
According to this suggestion, you can start with a simpler model such as ULMFiT as a baseline, verify your ideas and then move on to more complex models and see how they can improve your results.
Note that modern NLP models contain a large number of parameters and it is difficult to train them from scratch without a large dataset. That's why you may want to use transfer learning: you can download pre-trained model and use it as a basis and fine-tune it to your task-specific dataset to achieve better performance and reduce training time.
I agree with Max's answer, but if the constraint is to use a state of the art large pretrained model, there is a really easy way to do this. The library by HuggingFace called pytorch-transformers. Whether you chose BERT, XLNet, or whatever, they're easy to swap out. Here is a detailed tutorial on using that library for text classification.
EDIT: I just came across this repo, pytorch-transformers-classification (Apache 2.0 license), which is a tool for doing exactly what you want.
Well like others mentioned, it depends on the dataset and multiple models should be tried and best one must be chosen.
However, sharing my experience, XLNet beats all other models so far by a good margin. Hence if learning is not the objective, i would simple start with XLNET and then try a few more down the line and conclude. It just saves time in exploring.
Below repo is excellent to do all this quickly. Kudos to them.
https://github.com/microsoft/nlp-recipes
It uses hugging face transformers and makes them dead simple. 😃
I have used XLNet, BERT, and GPT2 for summarization tasks (English only). Based on my experience, GPT2 works the best among all 3 on short paragraph-size notes, while BERT performs better for longer texts (up to 2-3 pages). You can use XLNet as a benchmark.
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I am currently testing out custom object detection using the Tensorflow API. But I don't quite seem to understand the theory behind it.
So if I for example download a version of MobileNet and use it to train on, lets say, red and green apples. Does it forget all the things that is has already been trained on? And if so, why does it then benefit to use MobileNet over building a CNN from scratch.
Thanks for any answers!
Does it forget all the things that is has already been trained on?
Yes, if you re-train a CNN previously trained on a large database with a new database containing fewer classes it will "forget" the old classes. However, the old pre-training can help learning the new classes, this is a training strategy called "transfert learning" of "fine tuning" depending on the exact approach.
As a rule of thumb it is generally not a good idea to create a new network architecture from scratch as better networks probably already exist. You may want to implement your custom architecture if:
You are learning CNN's and deep learning
You have a specific need and you proved that other architectures won't fit or will perform poorly
Usually, one take an existing pre-trained network and specialize it for their specific task using transfert learning.
A lot of scientific literature is available for free online if you want to learn. you can start with the Yolo series and R-CNN, Fast-RCNN and Faster-RCNN for detection networks.
The main concept behind object detection is that it divides the input image in a grid of N patches, and then for each patch, it generates a set of sub-patches with different aspect ratios, let's say it generates M rectangular sub-patches. In total you need to classify MxN images.
In general the idea is then analyze each sub-patch within each patch . You pass the sub-patch to the classifier in your model and depending on the model training, it will classify it as containing a green apple/red apple/nothing. If it is classified as a red apple, then this sub-patch is the bounding box of the object detected.
So actually, there are two parts you are interested in:
Generating as many sub-patches as possible to cover as many portions of the image as possible (Of course, the more sub-patches, the slower your model will be) and,
The classifier. The classifier is normally an already exisiting network (MobileNeet, VGG, ResNet...). This part is commonly used as the "backbone" and it will extract the features of the input image. With the classifier you can either choose to training it "from zero", therefore your weights will be adjusted to your specific problem, OR, you can load the weigths from other known problem and use them in your problem so you won't need to spend time training them. In this case, they will also classify the objects for which the classifier was training for.
Take a look at the Mask-RCNN implementation. I find very interesting how they explain the process. In this architecture, you will not only generate a bounding box but also segment the object of interest.
I successfully trained multi-classificator model, that was really easy with simple class related folder structure and keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator with flow_from_directory (no one-hot encoding by hand btw!) after i just compile fit and evaluate - extremely well done pipeline by Keras!
BUT! when i decided to make my own (not cats, not dogs, not you_named) object detector - this is became a nightmare...
TFRecord and tf.Example are just madness! but ok, i almost get it (my dataset is small, i have plenty of ram, but who cares, write f. boilerplate, so much meh...)
The main thing - i just can't find any docs/tutorial how to make it with plain simple tf/keras, everyone just want to build up it on top of someone model, YOLO SSD FRCNN, even if they trying to detect completely new objects!!!
There two links about OD in official docs, and they both using some models underneath.
So my main question WHY ??? or i just blind..? -__-
It becomes a nightmare because Object Detection is way way harder than classification. The most simple object detector is this: first train a classifier on all your objects. Then when you want to detect objects in your image, slide a window over your image, and classify each window. Then, if your classifier is certain that a certain window is one of the objects, mark it as a successful detection.
But this approach has a lot of problems, mainly it's way (like waaaay) too slow. So, researcher improved it and invented RCNNs. That had it problems, so they invented Faster-RCNN, YOLO and SSD, all to make it faster and more accurate.
You won't find any tutorials online on how to implement the sliding window technique because it's not useful anyway, and you won't find any tutorials on how to implement the more advanced stuff because, well, the networks get complicated pretty quick.
Also note that using YOLO doesn't mean you should use the same weights as in YOLO. You can always train YOLO from scratch on your own data if you want by randomly initiliazing all the weights in the network layers. So the even if they trying to detect completely new objects!!! you mentioned isn't really valid. Also also note that I still would advise you to do use the weights they used in Yolo network. Transfer Learning is generally looked at as being a good idea, especially when starting out and especially in the image processing world, as many images share common features (like edges, for example).
I am having pretty much the same problem as my images are B/W diagrams, quite different from regular pictures, I want to train a custom model on just only diagrams.
I have found this documentation section in Tensorflow models repo:
https://github.com/tensorflow/models/blob/master/research/object_detection/README.md
It has a couple of sections explaining how to bring your own model and dataset in "extras" that could be a starting point.
I have images of unique products that are used at my workplace. I can't imagine that the inception database already has similar items that it has been trained on.
I tried to train a model using YOLO. It was taking a very very long time. Maybe 7minutes between epochs; and I wanted to do 1000 epochs due to small data size.
I used tiny-yolov2-voc cfg/weight on 1.0 GPU. I had a video of the item but i broke it up into frames so i could annotate. I then attempted to train on the images (not video). The products are healthcare related. Basically anything that a hospital would use.
Ive also used the inception method on images I got from Google. I noticed that inception method was very fast and resulted in accurate predictions. However, i'm worried that my images are too unique for inception to work.
Which method is best to use?
If you recommend YOLO, can you please provide suggestions on how to speed up the training phase?
If you recommend inception, can you please provide an explanation why it would work on unique images? I guess i'm having trouble understanding how inception knows which item i'm trying to train on without me providing annotations.
Thanks in advance
Just my impression (no recommendation or even related experience)
Having a look at the Hardware recommendations related to darknet a assumption is that you might stock up your own hardware to get faster results.
I read about the currently three different versions of YOLO and expect there are lot's of GFLOPS training included if you download the recommended files, but if the models never fit to your products then for you they never might be very helpful.
I must admit I've neither been active with YOLO nor with Tensorflow, so my impression might not be helpful at all.
If you see some videos of YOLO you can remark that sometimes a camel is labeled with horse and the accuracy seems being bad but it depends on the threshold that is applied to the images, so the videos look amazing as it seems the recognition is done so fast but with higher accuracy the process would slow down - also depending on the trained motives.
They never hide it though, they explain on an image where a dog is labeled as cow and a horse as sheep (Version 2) that in combination with darknet it's getting much faster but less accurate too, so usage of darknet is an important aspect too.
The information about details seems being quite bad on the websites of YOLO, they present it more like you'd do with a popstar, in comparison the website of Tensorflow looks more academic and is informing about the mathematics behind the framework.
Concerning Tensorflow I don't know about the hardware-recommendations, but as you wrote your results are useful, probably they are a bit or even much less.
My impression is that YOLO is primary intended for real-time detection in (live-)videos and needs much training for high accuracy. So depending on your use-case it might be right but you'd to invest in hardware probably for professional usage.
This is not an opinion against Tensorflow but that I had to verify more and it seems taking more time to get an impression. Concerning Tensorflow in the moment I even can't say if it can be used for real-time-detection, how accurate it is then and if the results are then still better then those of YOLO.
My assumption is that concerning both solutions it's a matter of involved elements (like the decision if to include darknet for speed), configuration, training and adjustments. Probably there is always something to increase in speed and accuracy, so investing in a system for recognition won't be static process with fixed end in timeline, but a steady process.
This is just a short overview of my impressions, I've never any experience with any recognition-software and hardly recommend that you make any decision based on my words.
Just if you want to do use any recognition software professional, especially for real-time-recognition, then you've to invest in hardware probably.
To my understanding of your problem you need you need inception with the capability of identifying your unique images. In this circumstance you can use transfer-learning on the inception model. With transfer-learning you can still train inception your own pictures while retaining the previous knowledge of inception.
More on transfer-learning
This is a newbie question for the tensorflow experts:
I reading lot of data from power transformer connected to an array of solar panels using arduinos, my question is can I use tensorflow to predict the power generation in future.
I am completely new to tensorflow, if can point me to something similar I can start with that or any github repo which is doing similar predictive modeling.
Edit: Kyle pointed me to the MNIST data, which I believe is a Image Dataset. Again, not sure if tensorflow is the right computation library for this problem or does it only work on Image datasets?
thanks, Rajesh
Surely you can use tensorflow to solve your problem.
TensorFlow™ is an open source software library for numerical
computation using data flow graphs.
So it works not only on Image dataset but also others. Don't worry about this.
And about prediction, first you need to train a model(such as linear regression) on you dataset, then predict. The tutorial code can be found in tensorflow homepage .
Get your hand dirty, you will find it works on your dataset.
Good luck.
You can absolutely use TensorFlow to predict time series. There are plenty of examples out there, like this one. And this is a really interesting one on using RNN to predict basketball trajectories.
In general, TF is a very flexible platform for solving problems with machine learning. You can create any kind of network you can think of in it, and train that network to act as a model for your process. Depending on what kind of costs you define and how you train it, you can build a network to classify data into categories, predict a time series forward a number of steps, and other cool stuff.
There is, sadly, no short answer for how to do this, but that's just because the possibilities are endless! Have fun!
I want to study on the research of deep learning, but I don't know which framwork should I choice between TensorFlow and PaddlePaddle. who can make a contrast between the two frameworks? which one is better? especially in the running efficiency of CPU
It really depends what you are shooting for...
If you plan on training, CPU is not going to work well for you. Use colab or kaggle.
Assuming you do get a GPU, it depends if you want to focus on classification or object detection.
If you focus on classification, Keras is probably the easiest to work with or pytorch if you want some advanced stuff and to be able to change things.
If you plan on object detection, things are getting complicated... Inference is reasonably easy but training is complicated. There are actually 4 platforms you should consider:
Tensorflow - powerful but very difficult to work with. If you do not use Keras (and for OD you usually can't), you need to preprocess the dataset into tfrecords and it is a pain. The OD Api has very cryptic messages and it is very sensitive to the combination of tf version and api version. On the other hand, cool models like efficientdet are more or less easy to use.
MMdetection - very powerful framework, has lots of advanced models and once you understand how to work with it, you can easily work with and of the models it supports. Downside is that some models are slow to arrive (efficientdet, for example)
paddlepaddle - if you know Chinese, this should work ok, maybe. The documentation is a bit behind and usually requires lots of improvisation. Basically it is similar to mmdetection just with a few unique models and a few missing models.
detectron2 - I didn't work with this one, but it seems to support only a few models.
You probably need first to define for yourself what do you want to do and then choose.
Good luck!
It is not that trivial. Some models run faster with one kind of framework others with another. Furthermore, it depends on the hardware as well. See this blog. If inference is your only concern, then you can develop your model in any of the popular frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, etc. In the end convert your model to ONNX format and benchmark its performance with DNN-Bench to choose the best inference engine for your application.