Following lexer grammar snippet is supposed to tokenize 'custom names' depending on a predicate that is defined in a class LexerHelper:
fragment NUMERICAL : [0-9];
fragment XML_NameStartChar
: [:a-zA-Z]
| '\u2070'..'\u218F'
| '\u2C00'..'\u2FEF'
| '\u3001'..'\uD7FF'
| '\uF900'..'\uFDCF'
| '\uFDF0'..'\uFFFD'
;
fragment XML_NameChar : XML_NameStartChar
| '-' | '_' | '.' | NUMERICAL
| '\u00B7'
| '\u0300'..'\u036F'
| '\u203F'..'\u2040'
;
fragment XML_NAME_FRAG : XML_NameStartChar XML_NameChar*;
CUSTOM_NAME : XML_NAME_FRAG ':' XML_NAME_FRAG {LexerHelper.myPredicate(getText())}?;
The correct match for CUSTOM_NAME is always the longest possible match. Now if the lexer encounters a custom name such as some:cname then I would like it to lex the entire string some:cname and then call the predicate once with 'some:cname' as argument.
Instead, the lexer calls the predicate with each possible 'valid' match it finds along the way, so some:c, some:cn, some:cna, some:cnam until finally some:cname.
Is there a way to change the behaviour to force antlr4 to first find the longest possible match, before calling the predicate? Alternatively, is there an efficient way for the predicate to determine that the match is not the longest one yet to simply return with false in that case?
EDIT: The funny thing about this behavior is that as long as only partial matches are passed to the predicate, the result of the predicate seems to be completely ignored by the lexer anyway. This seems oddly inefficient.
As it turns out, the behavior is known and permitted by Antlr. Antlr may or may not call predicates more than necessary (see here for more details). To avoid that behavior I am now using actions instead, which only get executed once the rule has completely and successfully matched. This allows me to e.g. switch modes in an action.
Related
I'm writing a JAVA software to parse SQL queries. In order to do so I'm using ANTLR with presto.g4.
The code I'm currently using is pretty standard:
PrestoLexer lexer = new PrestoLexer(
new CaseChangingCharStream(CharStreams.fromString(query), true));
lexer.removeErrorListeners();
lexer.addErrorListener(errorListener);
CommonTokenStream tokens = new CommonTokenStream(lexer);
PrestoParser parser = new PrestoParser(tokens);
I wonder whether it's possible to pass a parameter to the lexer so the lexing will be different depends on that parameter?
update:
I've used #Mike's suggestion below and my lexer now inherits from the built-in lexer and added a predicate function. My issue is now pure grammar.
This is my string definition:
STRING
: '\'' ( '\\' .
| '\\\\' . {HelperUtils.isNeedSpecialEscaping(this)}? // match \ followed by any char
| ~[\\'] // match anything other than \ and '
| '\'\'' // match ''
)*
'\''
;
I sometimes have a query with weird escaping for which the predicate returns true. For example:
select
table1(replace(replace(some_col,'\\'',''),'\"' ,'')) as features
from table1
And when I try to parse it I'm getting:
'\'',''),'
As a single string.
how can I handle this one?
I don't know what you need the parameter for, but you mentioned SQL, so let me present a solution I used since years: predicates.
In MySQL (which is the dialect I work with) the syntax differs depending on the MySQL version number. So in my grammar I use semantic predicates to switch off and on language parts that belong to a specific version. The approach is simple:
test:
{serverVersion < 80014}? ADMIN_SYMBOL
| ONLY_SYMBOL
;
The ADMIN keyword is only acceptable for version < 8.0.14 (just an example, not true in reality), while the ONLY keyword is a possible alternative in any version.
The variable serverVersion is a member of a base class from which I derive my parser. That can be specified by:
options {
superClass = MySQLBaseRecognizer;
tokenVocab = MySQLLexer;
}
The lexer also is derived from that class, so the version number is available in both lexer and parser (in addition to other important settings like the SQL mode). With this approach you can also implement more complex functions for predicates, that need additional processing.
You can find the full code + grammars at the MySQL Workbench Github repository.
I wonder whether it's possible to pass a parameter to the lexer so the lexing will be different depends on that parameter?
No, the lexer works independently from the parser. You cannot direct the lexer while parsing.
I am looking for a solution to a simple problem.
The example :
SELECT date, date(date)
FROM date;
This is a rather stupid example where a table, its column, and a function all have the name "date".
The snippet of my grammar (very simplified) :
simple_select
: SELECT selected_element (',' selected_element) FROM from_element ';'
;
selected_element
: function
| REGULAR_WORD
;
function
: REGULAR_WORD '(' function_argument ')'
;
function_argument
: REGULAR_WORD
;
from_element
: REGULAR_WORD
;
DATE: D A T E;
FROM: F R O M;
SELECT: S E L E C T;
REGULAR_WORD
: (SIMPLE_LETTER) (SIMPLE_LETTER | '0'..'9')*
;
fragment SIMPLE_LETTER
: 'a'..'z'
| 'A'..'Z'
;
DATE is a keyword (it is used somewhere else in the grammar).
If I want it to be recognised by my grammar as a normal word, here are my solutions :
1) I add it everywhere I used REGULAR_WORD, next to it.
Example :
selected_element
: function
| REGULAR_WORD
| DATE
;
=> I don't want this solution. I don't have only "DATE" as a keyword, and I have many rules using REGULAR_WORD, so I would need to add a list of many (50+) keywords like DATE to many (20+) parser rules : it would be absolutely ugly.
PROS: make a clean tree
CONS: make a dirty grammar
2) I use a parser rule in between to get all those keywords, and then, I replace every occurrence of REGULAR_WORD by that parser rule.
Example :
word
: REGULAR_WORD
| DATE
;
selected_element
: function
| word
;
=> I do not want this solution either, as it adds one more parser rule in the tree and polluting the informations (I do not want to know that "date" is a word, I want to know that it's a selected_element, a function, a function_argument or a from_element ...
PROS: make a clean grammar
CONS: make a dirty tree
Either way, I have a dirty tree or a dirty grammar. Isn't there a way to have both clean ?
I looked for aliases, parser fragment equivalent, but it doesn't seem like ANTLR4 has any ?
Thank you, have a nice day !
There are four different grammars for SQL dialects in the Antlr4 grammar repository and all four of them use your second strategy. So it seems like there is a consensus among Antlr4 sql grammar writers. I don't believe there is a better solution given the design of the Antlr4 lexer.
As you say, that leads to a bit of noise in the full parse tree, but the relevant non-terminal (function, selected_element, etc.) is certainly present and it does not seem to me to be very difficult to collapse the unit productions out of the parse tree.
As I understand it, when Antlr4 was being designed, a decision was made to only automatically produce full parse trees, because the design of condensed ("abstract") syntax trees is too idiosyncratic to fit into a grammar DSL. So if you find an AST more convenient, you have the responsibility to generate one yourself. That's generally straight-forward although it involves a lot of boilerplate.
Other parser generators do have mechanisms which can handle "semireserved keywords". In particular, the Lemon parser generator, which is part of the Sqlite project, includes a %fallback declaration which allows you to specify that one or more tokens should be automatically reclassified in a context in which no grammar rule allows them to be used. Unfortunately, Lemon does not generate Java parsers.
Another similar option would be to use a parser generator which supports "scannerless" parsing. Such parsers typically use algorithms like Earley/GLL/GLR, capable of parsing arbitrary CFGs, to get around the need for more lookahead than can conveniently be supported in fixed-lookahead algorithms such as LALR(1).
This is the socalled keywords-as-identifiers problem and has been discussed many times before. For instance I asked a similar question already 6 years ago in the ANTLR mailing list. But also here at Stackoverflow there are questions touching this area, for instance Trying to use keywords as identifiers in ANTLR4; not working.
Terence Parr wrote a wiki article for ANTLR3 in 2008 that shortly describes 2 possible solutions:
This grammar allows "if if call call;" and "call if;".
grammar Pred;
prog: stat+ ;
stat: keyIF expr stat
| keyCALL ID ';'
| ';'
;
expr: ID
;
keyIF : {input.LT(1).getText().equals("if")}? ID ;
keyCALL : {input.LT(1).getText().equals("call")}? ID ;
ID : 'a'..'z'+ ;
WS : (' '|'\n')+ {$channel=HIDDEN;} ;
You can make those semantic predicates more efficient by intern'ing those strings so that you can do integer comparisons instead of string compares.
The other alternative is to do something like this
identifier : KEY1 | KEY2 | ... | ID ;
which is a set comparison and should be faster.
Normally, as #rici already mentioned, people prefer the solution where you keep all keywords in an own rule and add that to your normal identifier rule (where such a keyword is allowed).
The other solution in the wiki can be generalized for any keyword, by using a lookup table/list in an action in the ID lexer rule, which is used to check if a given string is a keyword. This solution is not only slower, but also sacrifies clarity in your parser grammar, since you can no longer use keyword tokens in your parser rules.
I am having a problem while parsing some SQL typed string with ANTLR4.
The parsed string is :
WHERE a <> 17106
AND b BETWEEN c AND d
AND e BTW(f, g)
Here is a snippet of my grammar :
where_clause
: WHERE element
;
element
: element NOT_EQUAL_INFERIOR element
| element BETWEEN element AND element
| element BTW LEFT_PARENTHESIS element COMMA_CHAR element RIGHT_PARENTHESIS
| element AND element
| WORD
;
NOT_EQUAL_INFERIOR: '<>';
LEFT_PARENTHESIS: '(';
RIGHT_PARENTHESIS: ')';
COMMA_CHAR: ',';
BETWEEN: B E T W E E N;
BTW: B T W;
WORD ... //can be anything ... it doesn't matter for the problem.
(source: hostpic.xyz)
But as you can see on that same picture, the tree is not the "correct one".
ANTLR4 being greedy, it englobes everything that follows the BETWEEN in a single "element", but we want it to only take "c" and "d".
Naturally, since it englobes everything in the element rule, it is missing the second AND of the BETWEEN, so it fails.
I have tried changing order of the rules (putting AND before BETWEEN), I tried changing association to right to those rules (< assoc=right >), but those didn't work. They change the tree but don't make it the way I want it to be.
I feel like the error is a mix of greediness, association, recursivity ... Makes it quite difficult to look for the same kind of issue, but maybe I'm just missing the correct words.
Thanks, have a nice day !
I think you misuse the rule element. I don't think SQL allows you to put anything as left and right limits of BETWEEN.
Not tested, but I'd try this:
expression
: expression NOT_EQUAL_INFERIOR expression
| term BETWEEN term AND term
| term BTW LEFT_PARENTHESIS term COMMA_CHAR term RIGHT_PARENTHESIS
| expression AND expression
| term
;
term
: WORD
;
Here your element becomes expression in most places, but in others it becomes term. The latter is a dummy rule for now, but I'm pretty sure you'd want to also add e.g. literals to it.
Disclaimer: I don't actually use ANTLR (I use my own), and I haven't worked with the (rather hairy) SQL grammar in a while, so this may be off the mark, but I think to get what you want you'll have to do something along the lines of:
...
where_clause
: WHERE disjunction
;
disjunction
: conjunction OR disjunction
| conjunction
;
conjunction
: element AND conjunction
| element
;
element
: element NOT_EQUAL_INFERIOR element
| element BETWEEN element AND element
| element BTW LEFT_PARENTHESIS element COMMA_CHAR element RIGHT_PARENTHESIS
| WORD
;
...
This is not the complete refactoring needed but illustrates the first steps.
I'm pretty sure this isn't possible, but I want to ask just in case.
I have the common ID token definition:
ID: LETTER (LETTER | DIG)*;
The problem is that in the grammar I need to parse, there are some instructions in which you have a single character as operand, like:
a + 4
but
ab + 4
is not possible.
So I can't write a rule like:
sum: (INT | LETTER) ('+' (INT | LETTER))*
Because the lexer will consider 'a' as an ID, due to the higher priority of ID. (And I can't change that priority because it wouldn't recognize single character IDs then)
So I can only use ID instead of LETTER in that rule. It's ugly because there shouldn't be an ID, just a single letter, and I will have to do a second syntactic analysis to check that.
I know that there's nothing to do about it, since the lexer doesn't understand about context. What I'm thinking that maybe there's already built-in ANTLR4 is some kind of way to check the token's length inside the rule. Something like:
sum: (INT | ID{length=1})...
I would also like to know if there are some kind of "token alias" so I can do:
SINGLE_CHAR is alias of => ID
In order to avoid writing "ID" in the rule, since that can be confusing.
PD: I'm not parsing a simple language like this one, this is just a little example. In reality, an ID could also be a string, there are other tokens which can only be a subset of letters, etc... So I think I will have to do that second analysis anyways after parsing the entry to check that syntactically is legal. I'm just curious if something like this exists.
Checking the size of an identifier is a semantic problem and should hence be handled in the semantic phase, which usually follows the parsing step. Parse your input with the usual ID rule and check in the constructed parse tree the size of the recognized ids (and act accordingly). Don't try to force this kind of decision into your grammar.
VARIABLE: ...
UNARYOP: 'not' Expression; // unary operation
BINARYOP: 'or' VARIABLE;
Expression : (NIL | INTEGER | UNARYOP) BINARYOP?;
In the above scenario, 'or' can either be reached through
Expression->BINARYOP
or
EXPRESSION->UNARYOP->Expression->BINARYOP
Is there a systematic way to remove ambiguities such as the above?
I think that removing ambiguities in grammars is a non automatically solvable task because if the choose of which of the alternatives is the right one is a 'subjective' choice.
Once you identified the problem, build the different alternative trees and add new production rules to disallow the invalid parse trees.
I am afraid there is no magic solution like for removing left recursions... Maybe I am wrong.
In your case you could define
Expression : NIL
| INTEGER
| VARIABLE
| 'not' Expression
| Expression 'or' Expression;
Or do you want to limit the right side of 'or' to variables only?