I'm working on what shouldn't be too difficult an SQL function: it takes a few parameters to find a specific course in a table, counts how many people are in that course, compares it to the course's maximum capacity, and returns 1 or 0 as appropriate:
drop function if exists room_for_more_students(the_class_name varchar, the_semester_code int);
create function room_for_more_students(the_class_name varchar, the_semester_code int)
returns int as $BODY$
begin
select * from class_offerings as match_table
where class_name = the_class_name and semester_code = the_semester_code;
select count(student_id) from match_table as num_students_in_class;
select avg(maximum_capacity) from match_table as num_students_allowed_in_class;
--These will all be the same so "avg" just means "the maximum capacity for the class"
if num_students_in_class < num_students_allowed_in_class then return 1;
else return 0;
end if;
end
$BODY$
language plpgsql;
This doesn't really seem like it should be all that complex to implement, and the function creates without issue, but every time I try and invoke it through psycopg2 I receive:
ProgrammingError: query has no destination for result data
HINT: If you want to discard the results of a SELECT, use PERFORM instead
I have tried experimenting with PERFORM instead, but any combination I try seems to either keep the same issue or create a host of new ones. I've also done some research on this as there are a few other posts about the same issue, but the majority of the time the answer seems to be that the user hasn't added specific return statements, which I have. I'm completely out of ideas and would appreciate any input possible.
For your case, you must declare some variable and assign it with the result of query. You can not run a query without assign its result to nowhere.
I update your function as below:
drop function if exists room_for_more_students(the_class_name varchar, the_semester_code int);
create function room_for_more_students(the_class_name varchar, the_semester_code int)
returns int as
$BODY$
DECLARE
num_students_allowed_in_class numeric;
num_students_in_class numeric;
begin
WITH match_table AS (
select *
from class_offerings
where class_name = the_class_name and semester_code = the_semester_code
)
select count(student_id), avg(maximum_capacity)
INTO num_students_in_class, num_students_allowed_in_class
from match_table;
if num_students_in_class
Hopefully it match your request!
Related
I am trying to automate a set of sentences that I execute several times a day. For this I want to put them in a postgres function and just call the function to execute the sentences consecutively. If everything runs OK then in the end return the SUCCESS value. The following function replicates my idea and the error I am getting when executing the function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION createTable() RETURNS int AS $$
BEGIN
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS MY_TABLE;
CREATE TABLE MY_TABLE
(
ID integer
)
WITH (
OIDS=FALSE
);
insert into MY_TABLE values(1);
select * from MY_TABLE;
RETURN 'SUCCESS';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Invocation:
select * from createTable();
With my ignorance of postgresql I would expect to obtain the SUCCESS value as a return (If everything runs without errors). But the returned message causes me confusion, isn't it the same as a function in any other programming language? When executing the function I get the following message:
query has no destination for result data Hint: If you want to
discard the results of a SELECT, use PERFORM instead.
query has no destination for result data Hint: If you want to discard the results of a SELECT, use PERFORM instead.
You are getting this error because you do not assign the results to any variable in the function. In a function, you would typically do something like this instead:
select * into var1 from MY_TABLE;
Therefore, your function would look something like this:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION createTable() RETURNS int AS $$
DECLARE
var1 my_table%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS MY_TABLE;
CREATE TABLE MY_TABLE
(
ID integer
)
WITH (
OIDS=FALSE
);
insert into MY_TABLE values(1);
select * into var1 from MY_TABLE;
<do something with var1>
RETURN 'SUCCESS';
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Otherwise, if you don't put the results into a variable, then you're likely hoping to achieve some side effect (like advancing a sequence or firing a trigger somehow). In that case, plpgsql expects you to use PERFORM instead of SELECT
Also, BTW your function RETURNS int but at the bottom of your definition you RETURN 'SUCCESS'. SUCCESS is a text type, not an int, so you will eventually get this error once you get past that first error message -- be sure to change it as necessary.
I would like to preface this by saying I am VERY new to SQL, but my work now requires that I work in it.
I have a dataset containing topographical point data (x,y,z). I am trying to build a KNN model based on this data. For every point 'P', I search for the 100 points in the data set nearest P (nearest meaning geographically nearest). I then average the values of these points (this average is known as a residual), and add this value to the table in the 'resid' column.
As a proof of concept, I am trying to simply iterate over the table, and set the value of the 'resid' column to 1.0 in every row.
My query is this:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION LoopThroughTable() RETURNS VOID AS '
DECLARE row table%rowtype;
BEGIN
FOR row in SELECT * FROM table LOOP
SET row.resid = 1.0;
END LOOP;
END
' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
SELECT LoopThroughTable() as output;
This code executes and returns successfully, but when I check the table, no alterations have been made. What is my error?
Doing updates row-by-row in a loop is almost always a bad idea and will be extremely slow and won't scale. You should really find a way to avoid that.
After having said that:
All your function is doing is to change the value of the column value in memory - you are just modifying the contents of a variable. If you want to update the data you need an update statement:
You need to use an UPDATE inside the loop:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION LoopThroughTable()
RETURNS VOID
AS
$$
DECLARE
t_row the_table%rowtype;
BEGIN
FOR t_row in SELECT * FROM the_table LOOP
update the_table
set resid = 1.0
where pk_column = t_row.pk_column; --<<< !!! important !!!
END LOOP;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Note that you have to add a where condition on the primary key to the update statement otherwise you would update all rows for each iteration of the loop.
A slightly more efficient solution is to use a cursor, and then do the update using where current of
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION LoopThroughTable()
RETURNS VOID
AS $$
DECLARE
t_curs cursor for
select * from the_table;
t_row the_table%rowtype;
BEGIN
FOR t_row in t_curs LOOP
update the_table
set resid = 1.0
where current of t_curs;
END LOOP;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
So if I execute the UPDATE query after the loop has finished, will that commit the changes to the table?
No. The call to the function runs in the context of the calling transaction. So you need to commit after running SELECT LoopThroughTable() if you have disabled auto commit in your SQL client.
Note that the language name is an identifier, do not use single quotes around it. You should also avoid using keywords like row as variable names.
Using dollar quoting (as I did) also makes writing the function body easier
I'm not sure if the proof of concept example does what you want. In general, with SQL, you almost never need a FOR loop. While you can use a function, if you have PostgreSQL 9.3 or later, you can use a LATERAL subquery to perform subqueries for each row.
For example, create 10,000 random 3D points with a random value column:
CREATE TABLE points(
gid serial primary key,
geom geometry(PointZ),
value numeric
);
CREATE INDEX points_geom_gist ON points USING gist (geom);
INSERT INTO points(geom, value)
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(random()*1000, random()*1000, random()*100), 0), random()
FROM generate_series(1, 10000);
For each point, search for the 100 nearest points (except the point in question), and find the residual between the points' value and the average of the 100 nearest:
SELECT p.gid, p.value - avg(l.value) residual
FROM points p,
LATERAL (
SELECT value
FROM points j
WHERE j.gid <> p.gid
ORDER BY p.geom <-> j.geom
LIMIT 100
) l
GROUP BY p.gid
ORDER BY p.gid;
Following is a simple example to update rows in a table:
Assuming the row id field id
Update all rows:
UPDATE my_table SET field1='some value'
WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM staff)
Selective row update
UPDATE my_table SET field1='some value'
WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM staff WHERE field2='same value')
You don't need a function for that.
All you need is to run this query:
UPDATE table SET resid = 1.0;
if you want to do it with a function you can use SQL function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION LoopThroughTable()
RETURNS VOID AS
$BODY$
UPDATE table SET resid = 1.0;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE sql VOLATILE
if you want to use plpgsql then function would be:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION LoopThroughTable()
RETURNS void AS
$BODY$
begin
UPDATE table SET resid = 1.0;
end;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE plpgsql VOLATILE
Note that it is not recommended to use plpgsql functions for tasks that can be done with Sql functions.
I would like to use a plpgsql function with a table and several columns as input parameter. The idea is to split the table in chunks and do something with each part.
I tried the following function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_func(Integer)
RETURNS SETOF my_part
AS $$
DECLARE
out my_part;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 0..$1 LOOP
FOR out IN
SELECT * FROM my_func2(SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id = i)
LOOP
RETURN NEXT out;
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
RETURN;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
my_func2() is the function that does some work on each smaller part.
CREATE or REPLACE FUNCTION my_func2(table1)
RETURNS SETOF my_part2 AS
$$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY
SELECT * FROM table1;
END
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
If I run:
SELECT * FROM my_func(99);
I guess I should receive the first 99 IDs processed for each id.
But it says there is an error for the following line:
SELECT * FROM my_func2(select * from table1 where id = i)
The error is:
The subquery is only allowed to return one column
Why does this happen? Is there an easy way to fix this?
There are multiple misconceptions here. Study the basics before you try advanced magic.
Postgres does not have "table variables". You can only pass 1 column or row at a time to a function. Use a temporary table or a refcursor (like commented by #Daniel) to pass a whole table. The syntax is invalid in multiple places, so it's unclear whether that's what you are actually trying.
Even if it is: it would probably be better to process one row at a time or rethink your approach and use a set-based operation (plain SQL) instead of passing cursors.
The data types my_part and my_part2 are undefined in your question. May be a shortcoming of the question or a problem in the test case.
You seem to expect that the table name table1 in the function body of my_func2() refers to the function parameter of the same (type!) name, but this is fundamentally wrong in at least two ways:
You can only pass values. A table name is an identifier, not a value. You would need to build a query string dynamically and execute it with EXECUTE in a plpgsql function. Try a search, many related answers her on SO. Then again, that may also not be what you wanted.
table1 in CREATE or REPLACE FUNCTION my_func2(table1) is a type name, not a parameter name. It means your function expects a value of the type table1. Obviously, you have a table of the same name, so it's supposed to be the associated row type.
The RETURN type of my_func2() must match what you actually return. Since you are returning SELECT * FROM table1, make that RETURNS SETOF table1.
It can just be a simple SQL function.
All of that put together:
CREATE or REPLACE FUNCTION my_func2(_row table1)
RETURNS SETOF table1 AS
'SELECT ($1).*' LANGUAGE sql;
Note the parentheses, which are essential for decomposing a row type. Per documentation:
The parentheses are required here to show that compositecol is a column name not a table name
But there is more ...
Don't use out as variable name, it's a keyword of the CREATE FUNCTION statement.
The syntax of your main query my_func() is more like psudo-code. Too much doesn't add up.
Proof of concept
Demo table:
CREATE TABLE table1(table1_id serial PRIMARY KEY, txt text);
INSERT INTO table1(txt) VALUES ('a'),('b'),('c'),('d'),('e'),('f'),('g');
Helper function:
CREATE or REPLACE FUNCTION my_func2(_row table1)
RETURNS SETOF table1 AS
'SELECT ($1).*' LANGUAGE sql;
Main function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_func(int)
RETURNS SETOF table1 AS
$func$
DECLARE
rec table1;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 0..$1 LOOP
FOR rec IN
SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE table1_id = i
LOOP
RETURN QUERY
SELECT * FROM my_func2(rec);
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
END
$func$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Call:
SELECT * FROM my_func(99);
SQL Fiddle.
But it's really just a a proof of concept. Nothing useful, yet.
As the error log is telling you.. you can return only one column in a subquery, so you have to change it to
SELECT my_func2(SELECT Specific_column_you_need FROM hasval WHERE wid = i)
a possible solution can be that you pass to funct2 the primary key of the table your funct2 needs and then you can obtain the whole table by making the SELECT * inside the function
Is it possible to pass the results of a postgres query as an input into another function?
As a very contrived example, say I have one query like
SELECT id, name
FROM users
LIMIT 50
and I want to create a function my_function that takes the resultset of the first query and returns the minimum id. Is this possible in pl/pgsql?
SELECT my_function(SELECT id, name FROM Users LIMIT 50); --returns 50
You could use a cursor, but that very impractical for computing a minimum.
I would use a temporary table for that purpose, and pass the table name for use in dynamic SQL:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_min_id(_tbl regclass, OUT min_id int) AS
$func$
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'SELECT min(id) FROM ' || _tbl
INTO min_id;
END
$func$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Call:
CREATE TEMP TABLE foo ON COMMIT DROP AS
SELECT id, name
FROM users
LIMIT 50;
SELECT f_min_id('foo');
Major points
The first parameter is of type regclass to prevent SQL injection. More info in this related answer on dba.SE.
I made the temp table ON COMMIT DROP to limit its lifetime to the current transaction. May or may not be what you want.
You can extend this example to take more parameters. Search for code examples for dynamic SQL with EXECUTE.
-> SQLfiddle demo
I would take the problem on the other side, calling an aggregate function for each record of the result set. It's not as flexible but can gives you an hint to work on.
As an exemple to follow your sample problem:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION myMin ( int,int ) RETURNS int AS $$
SELECT CASE WHEN $1 < $2 THEN $1 ELSE $2 END;
$$ LANGUAGE SQL STRICT IMMUTABLE;
CREATE AGGREGATE my_function ( int ) (
SFUNC = myMin, STYPE = int, INITCOND = 2147483647 --maxint
);
SELECT my_function(id) from (SELECT * FROM Users LIMIT 50) x;
It is not possible to pass an array of generic type RECORD to a plpgsql function which is essentially what you are trying to do.
What you can do is pass in an array of a specific user defined TYPE or of a particular table row type. In the example below you could also swap out the argument data type for the table name users[] (though this would obviously mean getting all data in the users table row).
CREATE TYPE trivial {
"ID" integer,
"NAME" text
}
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trivial_func(data trivial[])
RETURNS integer AS
$BODY$
DECLARE
BEGIN
--Implementation here using data
return 1;
END$BODY$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE;
I think there's no way to pass recordset or table into function (but I'd be glad if i'm wrong). Best I could suggest is to pass array:
create or replace function my_function(data int[])
returns int
as
$$
select min(x) from unnest(data) as x
$$
language SQL;
sql fiddle demo
I am relatively new to postgresql and battling my way to get familiarized with it. I had run in to an error while writing a new pl/sql function. ERROR: type "ordered_parts" does not exist
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_ordered_parts(var_bill_to integer)
RETURNS SETOF ordered_parts AS
$BODY$
declare
var_ordered_id record;
var_part ordered_parts;
begin
for var_ordered in select order_id from view_orders where bill_to = var_bill_to
loop
for var_part select os.po_num,os.received,os.customer_note,orders.part_num,orders.description,orders.order_id,orders.remaining_quantity from (select vli.part_num,vli.description,vli.order_id,vli.quantity - vli.quantity_shipped as remaining_quantity from view_line_items as vli where vli.order_id in (select order_id from view_orders where bill_to = var_bill_to and order_id = var_ordered.order_id) and vli.quantity - vli.quantity_shipped > 0)as orders left join order_sales as os on orders.order_id = os.order_id
then
-- Then we've found a leaf part
return next var_part;
end if;
end loop;
end;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE
COST 100
ROWS 1000;
ALTER FUNCTION get_ordered_parts(integer) OWNER TO postgres;
just note - your code is perfect example how don't write stored procedure ever. For some longer results it can be extremely slow. Minimally two cycles can be joined to one, or better, you can use just only one RETURN QUERY statement. Next issue is zero formatting of embedded SQL - good length of line is between 70 and 100 chars - writing long SQL statement to one line going to zero readability and maintainability code.
Relation database is not array, and any query has some cost, so don't use nested FOR if you really don't need it. I am sorry for offtopic.
The error message is telling you that you have declared the return type of your function to be SETOF ordered_parts, but it doesn't know what kind of thing ordered_parts is. Within your Declare block you also have a variable declared as this same type (var_part ordered_parts).
If you had a table or view called ordered_parts, then its "row type" would be automatically created as a type, but this is not the case here. if you just want to use an arbitrary row from a result set, you can just use the generic type record.
So in this case your function should say RETURNS SETOF record, and your Declare block var_part record.
Bonus tip: rather than looping over the result of your query and running RETURN NEXT on each row, you can use RETURN QUERY to throw the whole result set into the returned set in one go. See this Postgres manual page.