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Hi !!
I am new to Objective-C.
I am developing a tracker application, in which I have to store all the gps coordinates and then analyse them to track the path in which the vehicle was. I am using two arrays for storing the latitude and longitude points. When trying to use the Latitude points for calculations later, its giving me an error saying "Out of bound exception at index 1", but the size of the array is being shown to me as 4. Here is the code snippet of my ViewController.h, please take a look and let me know how I do this.
- (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager *)manager didUpdateToLocation:(CLLocation *)newLocation fromLocation:(CLLocation *)oldLocation
{
[trackingMapView addPoint:newLocation];
float time = -[startDate timeIntervalSinceNow];
displayLabel.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"Speed: %.02f mph", distance * 2.2369 / time];
// if there was a previous location
if (oldLocation != nil)
{
// add distance from the old location tp the total distance
distance += [newLocation getDistanceFrom:oldLocation];
}
// create a region centered around the new point
MKCoordinateSpan span = MKCoordinateSpanMake(0.005, 0.005);
// create a new MKCoordinateRegion centered around the new location
MKCoordinateRegion region = MKCoordinateRegionMake(newLocation.coordinate, span);
//New Added Code
CLLocationSpeed speed = newLocation.speed ;
speed = speed * 2.2369 ;
/* if (speed > 10.000)
{
NSString *message = #"Slow Down !!" ;
UIAlertView *alertforspeed = [[UIAlertView alloc] initWithTitle:#"Speed Monitor" message: message delegate:self cancelButtonTitle:#"Return" otherButtonTitles:nil];
[alertforspeed show];
[alertforspeed release];
}*/
//NEW CODE 2
//----------------------------------------------
arraywithlat= [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
arraywithlong= [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
NSNumber *lati = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:newLocation.coordinate.latitude];
NSNumber *longi = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:newLocation.coordinate.longitude];
[arraywithlat addObject:lati];
[arraywithlong addObject:longi];
//[locations addObject:newLocation];
NSLog(#"Array with lat : %#" , arraywithlat);
NSLog(#"Array with long: %#", arraywithlong);
//-----------------------------------------------
int i;
float r1 = 0.0, r2, result ;
NSLog(#"IN LANE TRACKING, BEFORE IFF");
int exsize = sizeof(arraywithlat);
NSLog(#"SIze of array before the loop: %d", exsize);
if (sizeof(arraywithlat) >= 4) {
NSLog(#"CROSSED THE IFFFFF");
NSLog(#"SIXE OF ARRAYWITHLAT: %lu" , sizeof(arraywithlat));
for (i = 0; i <= sizeof(arraywithlat); i++) {
NSNumber *tla1 = [arraywithlat objectAtIndex:i];
float temp1 = [tla1 floatValue];
NSLog(#"temp111111111: %f",temp1);
NSNumber *tla2 = [arraywithlat objectAtIndex:i+1] ;
float temp2 = [tla2 floatValue];
float r1 = temp1 - temp2 ;
// float r1 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:tla2] - [NSNumber numberWithFloat:tla1];
//float r1 = [tla2 floatValue] - [tla1 floatValue];
r1 = r1 * r1 ;
//float tla = arraywithlat objectAtIndex: i+1) - (arraywithlat objectAtIndex: i);
//float tlo = [arraywithlong obj]
// float tr1 = powf(((arraywithlat objectAtIndex:(i+1))-([arraywithlat objectatIndex:(i)])), <#float#>)
}
}
NSLog(#"r1 after cal: %f",r1);
// reposition the map t show the new point
[mapView setRegion:region animated:YES];
}
I think your problem is here:
for (i = 0; i <= sizeof(arraywithlat); i++) {
NSNumber *tla1 = [arraywithlat objectAtIndex:i];
float temp1 = [tla1 floatValue];
NSLog(#"temp111111111: %f",temp1);
NSNumber *tla2 = [arraywithlat objectAtIndex:i+1] ;
float temp2 = [tla2 floatValue];
float r1 = temp1 - temp2 ;
// float r1 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:tla2] - [NSNumber numberWithFloat:tla1];
//float r1 = [tla2 floatValue] - [tla1 floatValue];
r1 = r1 * r1 ;
//float tla = arraywithlat objectAtIndex: i+1) - (arraywithlat objectAtIndex: i);
//float tlo = [arraywithlong obj]
// float tr1 = powf(((arraywithlat objectAtIndex:(i+1))-([arraywithlat objectatIndex:(i)])), <#float#>)
}
first indexes in array starts from 0 to n-1, so i <= sizeof(arraywithlat) here wrong, i < sizeof(arraywithlat) should be.
And NSNumber *tla2 = [arraywithlat objectAtIndex:i+1] is wrong. change it, coz when i will be equal to n-1 then you get exception out of bound. And can you explain what does this loop, may be we help you to rewrite it
Also note that - (void)locationManager:(CLLocationManager *)manager didUpdateToLocation:(CLLocation *)newLocation fromLocation:(CLLocation *)oldLocation method of delegate is deprecated. Use locationManager:didUpdateLocations: instead.
My question is simple, I have the following code, it creates an array of Hues got from a function that returns the UIColor of an image (this is not important, just context). So, I need to create this array as fast as possible, this test runs with only a 5x5 pixels image and it takes about 3sec, I want to be able to run a 50x50 pixels image (at least) in about 2 secods (tops), any ideas?
- (void)createArrayOfHues: (UIImage *)imageScaned{
if (imageScaned != nil) {
NSLog(#"Creating Array...");
UIImageView *img = [[UIImageView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 5, 5)];
img.contentMode = UIViewContentModeScaleToFill;
img.image = imageScaned;
img.contentMode = UIViewContentModeRedraw;
img.hidden = YES;
int i = 0;
CGFloat hue = 0;
CGFloat sat = 0;
CGFloat brit = 0;
CGFloat alph = 0;
CGFloat hue2 = 0;
CGFloat sat2 = 0;
CGFloat brit2 = 0;
CGFloat alph2 = 0;
[_colorsArray removeAllObjects];
[_satForHue removeAllObjects];
[_britForHue removeAllObjects];
[_alphForHue removeAllObjects];
_colorsArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:(25)];
_satForHue = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:(25)];
_britForHue = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:(25)];
_alphForHue = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:(25)];
while (i<25) {
for (int y=1; y <= 5; y++){
for (int x = 1; x <= 2.5; x++){
if (x != (5-x)){
UIColor *color = [self colorMatch:imageScaned :x :y];
UIColor *color2 = [self colorMatch:imageScaned :(5-x) :y];
if([color getHue:&hue saturation:&sat brightness:&brit alpha:&alph] && [color2 getHue:&hue2 saturation:&sat2 brightness:&brit2 alpha:&alph2]){
NSNumber *hueId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)hue];
NSNumber *satId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)sat];
NSNumber *britId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)brit];
NSNumber *alphId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)alph];
NSNumber *hueId2 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)hue2];
NSNumber *satId2 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)sat2];
NSNumber *britId2 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)brit2];
NSNumber *alphId2 = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)alph2];
[_colorsArray insertObject:hueId atIndex:i];
[_satForHue insertObject:satId atIndex:i];
[_britForHue insertObject:britId atIndex:i];
[_alphForHue insertObject:alphId atIndex:i];
[_colorsArray insertObject:hueId2 atIndex:(i+1)];
[_satForHue insertObject:satId2 atIndex:(i+1)];
[_britForHue insertObject:britId2 atIndex:(i+1)];
[_alphForHue insertObject:alphId2 atIndex:(i+1)];
}
NSLog(#"color inserted at %i with x: %i and y: %i" , i , x, y);
i++;
}else {
UIColor *color = [self colorMatch:imageScaned :x :y];
if([color getHue:&hue saturation:&sat brightness:&brit alpha:&alph]){
NSNumber *hueId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)hue];
NSNumber *satId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)sat];
NSNumber *britId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)brit];
NSNumber *alphId = [NSNumber numberWithFloat:(float)alph];
[_colorsArray insertObject:hueId atIndex:i];
[_satForHue insertObject:satId atIndex:i];
[_britForHue insertObject:britId atIndex:i];
[_alphForHue insertObject:alphId atIndex:i];
}
}
}
}
}
NSLog(#"Returns the array");
}else{
NSLog(#"Returns nothing");
}
}
The code for colorMatch:
- (UIColor *) colorMatch: (UIImage *)image :(int) x :(int) y {
isBlackColored = NO;
if (image == nil){
NSUserDefaults *defaults = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];
BOOL customColor = [defaults boolForKey:#"custom_color"];
if (customColor){
float red = [defaults floatForKey:#"custom_color_slider_red"];
float green = [defaults floatForKey:#"custom_color_slider_green"];
float blue = [defaults floatForKey:#"custom_color_slider_blue"];
return [UIColor colorWithRed:red green:green blue:blue alpha:1];
}else
isDefaultS = YES;
}
else{
CFDataRef pixelData = CGDataProviderCopyData(CGImageGetDataProvider(image.CGImage));
const UInt8* data = CFDataGetBytePtr(pixelData);
int pixelInfo = ((image.size.width * y) + x ) * 4;
UInt8 red = data[pixelInfo];
UInt8 green = data[(pixelInfo + 1)];
UInt8 blue = data[pixelInfo + 2];
UInt8 alpha = data[pixelInfo + 3];
CFRelease(pixelData);
float redC = red/255.0f;
float greenC = green/255.0f;
float blueC = blue/255.0f;
UIColor* color = [UIColor colorWithRed:redC green:greenC blue:blueC alpha:alpha/255.0f];
return color;
}
return nil;
}
I think your main performance bottleneck is not the initialization of NSMutableArray instances, but the way you index your image:
UIColor *color = [self colorMatch:imageScaned :x :y];
I guess this method converts the UIImage to a CGImageRef, copies its data, indexes it, then destroys/releases these temporary objects, or something like this - for every single pixel...
You should refactor this code to get hold of the image buffer only once, and then work with it like a regular C pointer/array. If that doesn't solve your performance problem, you should do some profiling.
Im trying to get the least used color, and the most used color from MP3 file's album artwork for a music playing application. I need the colors to do an effect like the new itunes 11. Where the background color of the menu is the most used color, and the least used color is the color for song labels and artist name.
I am using
`- (UIColor*) getPixelColorAtLocation:(CGPoint)point {
UIColor* color = nil;
CGImageRef inImage = self.image.CGImage;
// Create off screen bitmap context to draw the image into. Format ARGB is 4 bytes for each pixel: Alpa, Red, Green, Blue
CGContextRef cgctx = [self createARGBBitmapContextFromImage:inImage];
if (cgctx == NULL) { return nil; /* error */ }
size_t w = CGImageGetWidth(inImage);
size_t h = CGImageGetHeight(inImage);
CGRect rect = {{0,0},{w,h}};
// Draw the image to the bitmap context. Once we draw, the memory
// allocated for the context for rendering will then contain the
// raw image data in the specified color space.
CGContextDrawImage(cgctx, rect, inImage);
// Now we can get a pointer to the image data associated with the bitmap
// context.
unsigned char* data = CGBitmapContextGetData (cgctx);
if (data != NULL) {
//offset locates the pixel in the data from x,y.
//4 for 4 bytes of data per pixel, w is width of one row of data.
int offset = 4*((w*round(point.y))+round(point.x));
int alpha = data[offset];
int red = data[offset+1];
int green = data[offset+2];
int blue = data[offset+3];
NSLog(#"offset: %i colors: RGB A %i %i %i %i",offset,red,green,blue,alpha);
color = [UIColor colorWithRed:(red/255.0f) green:(green/255.0f) blue:(blue/255.0f) alpha:(alpha/255.0f)];
}
// When finished, release the context
CGContextRelease(cgctx);
// Free image data memory for the context
if (data) { free(data); }
return color;
}
- (CGContextRef) createARGBBitmapContextFromImage:(CGImageRef) inImage {
CGContextRef context = NULL;
CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace;
void * bitmapData;
int bitmapByteCount;
int bitmapBytesPerRow;
// Get image width, height. We'll use the entire image.
size_t pixelsWide = CGImageGetWidth(inImage);
size_t pixelsHigh = CGImageGetHeight(inImage);
// Declare the number of bytes per row. Each pixel in the bitmap in this
// example is represented by 4 bytes; 8 bits each of red, green, blue, and
// alpha.
bitmapBytesPerRow = (pixelsWide * 4);
bitmapByteCount = (bitmapBytesPerRow * pixelsHigh);
// Use the generic RGB color space.
colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateWithName(kCGColorSpaceGenericRGB);
if (colorSpace == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error allocating color space\n");
return NULL;
}
// Allocate memory for image data. This is the destination in memory
// where any drawing to the bitmap context will be rendered.
bitmapData = malloc( bitmapByteCount );
if (bitmapData == NULL)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Memory not allocated!");
CGColorSpaceRelease( colorSpace );
return NULL;
}
// Create the bitmap context. We want pre-multiplied ARGB, 8-bits
// per component. Regardless of what the source image format is
// (CMYK, Grayscale, and so on) it will be converted over to the format
// specified here by CGBitmapContextCreate.
context = CGBitmapContextCreate (bitmapData,
pixelsWide,
pixelsHigh,
8, // bits per component
bitmapBytesPerRow,
colorSpace,
kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedFirst);
if (context == NULL)
{
free (bitmapData);
fprintf (stderr, "Context not created!");
}
// Make sure and release colorspace before returning
CGColorSpaceRelease( colorSpace );
return context;
}`
to get the color at the bottom of the image to make it blend in my view controller which uses the color for its background, and has a shadow to make it blended.
Question: So, as it says: How do I get the least and most used color from an image?
The method below takes an image and analyses it for its main colours, in the following steps:
1.) scale down the image and determine the main pixel colours.
2.) add some colour flexibility to allow for the loss during scaling
3.) distinguish colours, removing similar ones
4.) return the colours as an ordered array or with their percentages
You could adapt it to return a specific number of colours, e.g. top 10 colours in image if you needed a guaranteed number of colours returned, or just use the "detail" variable if you don't.
Larger images will take a long time to analyse at high detail.
No doubt the method could be cleaned up a bit but could be a good starting point.
Use like this:
NSDictionary * mainColours = [s mainColoursInImage:image detail:1];
-(NSDictionary*)mainColoursInImage:(UIImage *)image detail:(int)detail {
//1. determine detail vars (0==low,1==default,2==high)
//default detail
float dimension = 10;
float flexibility = 2;
float range = 60;
//low detail
if (detail==0){
dimension = 4;
flexibility = 1;
range = 100;
//high detail (patience!)
} else if (detail==2){
dimension = 100;
flexibility = 10;
range = 20;
}
//2. determine the colours in the image
NSMutableArray * colours = [NSMutableArray new];
CGImageRef imageRef = [image CGImage];
CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
unsigned char *rawData = (unsigned char*) calloc(dimension * dimension * 4, sizeof(unsigned char));
NSUInteger bytesPerPixel = 4;
NSUInteger bytesPerRow = bytesPerPixel * dimension;
NSUInteger bitsPerComponent = 8;
CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(rawData, dimension, dimension, bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big);
CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace);
CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, dimension, dimension), imageRef);
CGContextRelease(context);
float x = 0;
float y = 0;
for (int n = 0; n<(dimension*dimension); n++){
int index = (bytesPerRow * y) + x * bytesPerPixel;
int red = rawData[index];
int green = rawData[index + 1];
int blue = rawData[index + 2];
int alpha = rawData[index + 3];
NSArray * a = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",red],[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",green],[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",blue],[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",alpha], nil];
[colours addObject:a];
y++;
if (y==dimension){
y=0;
x++;
}
}
free(rawData);
//3. add some colour flexibility (adds more colours either side of the colours in the image)
NSArray * copyColours = [NSArray arrayWithArray:colours];
NSMutableArray * flexibleColours = [NSMutableArray new];
float flexFactor = flexibility * 2 + 1;
float factor = flexFactor * flexFactor * 3; //(r,g,b) == *3
for (int n = 0; n<(dimension * dimension); n++){
NSArray * pixelColours = copyColours[n];
NSMutableArray * reds = [NSMutableArray new];
NSMutableArray * greens = [NSMutableArray new];
NSMutableArray * blues = [NSMutableArray new];
for (int p = 0; p<3; p++){
NSString * rgbStr = pixelColours[p];
int rgb = [rgbStr intValue];
for (int f = -flexibility; f<flexibility+1; f++){
int newRGB = rgb+f;
if (newRGB<0){
newRGB = 0;
}
if (p==0){
[reds addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",newRGB]];
} else if (p==1){
[greens addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",newRGB]];
} else if (p==2){
[blues addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i",newRGB]];
}
}
}
int r = 0;
int g = 0;
int b = 0;
for (int k = 0; k<factor; k++){
int red = [reds[r] intValue];
int green = [greens[g] intValue];
int blue = [blues[b] intValue];
NSString * rgbString = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%i,%i,%i",red,green,blue];
[flexibleColours addObject:rgbString];
b++;
if (b==flexFactor){ b=0; g++; }
if (g==flexFactor){ g=0; r++; }
}
}
//4. distinguish the colours
//orders the flexible colours by their occurrence
//then keeps them if they are sufficiently disimilar
NSMutableDictionary * colourCounter = [NSMutableDictionary new];
//count the occurences in the array
NSCountedSet *countedSet = [[NSCountedSet alloc] initWithArray:flexibleColours];
for (NSString *item in countedSet) {
NSUInteger count = [countedSet countForObject:item];
[colourCounter setValue:[NSNumber numberWithInteger:count] forKey:item];
}
//sort keys highest occurrence to lowest
NSArray *orderedKeys = [colourCounter keysSortedByValueUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2){
return [obj2 compare:obj1];
}];
//checks if the colour is similar to another one already included
NSMutableArray * ranges = [NSMutableArray new];
for (NSString * key in orderedKeys){
NSArray * rgb = [key componentsSeparatedByString:#","];
int r = [rgb[0] intValue];
int g = [rgb[1] intValue];
int b = [rgb[2] intValue];
bool exclude = false;
for (NSString * ranged_key in ranges){
NSArray * ranged_rgb = [ranged_key componentsSeparatedByString:#","];
int ranged_r = [ranged_rgb[0] intValue];
int ranged_g = [ranged_rgb[1] intValue];
int ranged_b = [ranged_rgb[2] intValue];
if (r>= ranged_r-range && r<= ranged_r+range){
if (g>= ranged_g-range && g<= ranged_g+range){
if (b>= ranged_b-range && b<= ranged_b+range){
exclude = true;
}
}
}
}
if (!exclude){ [ranges addObject:key]; }
}
//return ranges array here if you just want the ordered colours high to low
NSMutableArray * colourArray = [NSMutableArray new];
for (NSString * key in ranges){
NSArray * rgb = [key componentsSeparatedByString:#","];
float r = [rgb[0] floatValue];
float g = [rgb[1] floatValue];
float b = [rgb[2] floatValue];
UIColor * colour = [UIColor colorWithRed:(r/255.0f) green:(g/255.0f) blue:(b/255.0f) alpha:1.0f];
[colourArray addObject:colour];
}
//if you just want an array of images of most common to least, return here
//return [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObject:colourArray forKey:#"colours"];
//if you want percentages to colours continue below
NSMutableDictionary * temp = [NSMutableDictionary new];
float totalCount = 0.0f;
for (NSString * rangeKey in ranges){
NSNumber * count = colourCounter[rangeKey];
totalCount += [count intValue];
temp[rangeKey]=count;
}
//set percentages
NSMutableDictionary * colourDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary new];
for (NSString * key in temp){
float count = [temp[key] floatValue];
float percentage = count/totalCount;
NSArray * rgb = [key componentsSeparatedByString:#","];
float r = [rgb[0] floatValue];
float g = [rgb[1] floatValue];
float b = [rgb[2] floatValue];
UIColor * colour = [UIColor colorWithRed:(r/255.0f) green:(g/255.0f) blue:(b/255.0f) alpha:1.0f];
colourDictionary[colour]=[NSNumber numberWithFloat:percentage];
}
return colourDictionary;
}
Not sure about finding most color or least color, but here is a method to find out the average color.
- (UIColor *)averageColor {
CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
unsigned char rgba[4];
CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(rgba, 1, 1, 8, 4, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big);
CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, 1, 1), self.CGImage);
CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace);
CGContextRelease(context);
if(rgba[3] > 0) {
CGFloat alpha = ((CGFloat)rgba[3])/255.0;
CGFloat multiplier = alpha/255.0;
return [UIColor colorWithRed:((CGFloat)rgba[0])*multiplier
green:((CGFloat)rgba[1])*multiplier
blue:((CGFloat)rgba[2])*multiplier
alpha:alpha];
}
else {
return [UIColor colorWithRed:((CGFloat)rgba[0])/255.0
green:((CGFloat)rgba[1])/255.0
blue:((CGFloat)rgba[2])/255.0
alpha:((CGFloat)rgba[3])/255.0];
}
}
You can probably follow a similar approach to find out the most used color.
Also check this answer about counting red color pixels in an image.
Thanks a lot for your code, #JohnnyRockex. It was really helpful in getting me started towards my goal (finding accent colors depending on the most predominant color in an image).
After going through it, I found the code could be simplified and made easier to read, so I'd like to give back to the community my own version; the -colors selector is in a UIImage extension.
- (NSArray *)colors {
// Original code by Johnny Rockex http://stackoverflow.com/a/29266983/825644
// Higher the dimension, the more pixels are checked against.
const float pixelDimension = 10;
// Higher the range, more similar colors are removed.
const float filterRange = 60;
unsigned char *rawData = (unsigned char*) calloc(pixelDimension * pixelDimension * kBytesPerPixel, sizeof(unsigned char));
NSUInteger bytesPerRow = kBytesPerPixel * pixelDimension;
CGColorSpaceRef colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceRGB();
CGContextRef context = CGBitmapContextCreate(rawData, pixelDimension, pixelDimension, kBitsInAByte, bytesPerRow, colorSpace, kCGImageAlphaPremultipliedLast | kCGBitmapByteOrder32Big);
CGColorSpaceRelease(colorSpace);
CGContextDrawImage(context, CGRectMake(0, 0, pixelDimension, pixelDimension), [self CGImage]);
CGContextRelease(context);
NSMutableArray * colors = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
float x = 0;
float y = 0;
const int pixelMatrixSize = pixelDimension * pixelDimension;
for (int i = 0; i < pixelMatrixSize; i++){
int index = (bytesPerRow * y) + x * kBytesPerPixel;
int red = rawData[index];
int green = rawData[index + 1];
int blue = rawData[index + 2];
int alpha = rawData[index + 3];
UIColor * color = [UIColor colorWithRed:(red / 255.0f) green:(green / 255.0f) blue:(blue / 255.0f) alpha:alpha];
[colors addObject:color];
y++;
if (y == pixelDimension){
y = 0;
x++;
}
}
free(rawData);
NSMutableDictionary * colorCounter = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
NSCountedSet *countedSet = [[NSCountedSet alloc] initWithArray:colors];
for (NSString *item in countedSet) {
NSUInteger count = [countedSet countForObject:item];
[colorCounter setValue:[NSNumber numberWithInteger:count] forKey:item];
}
NSArray *orderedColors = [colorCounter keysSortedByValueUsingComparator:^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2){
return [obj2 compare:obj1];
}];
NSMutableArray *filteredColors = [NSMutableArray new];
for (UIColor *color in orderedColors){
bool filtered = false;
for (UIColor *rangedColor in filteredColors){
if (abs(color.redRGBComponent - rangedColor.redRGBComponent) <= filterRange &&
abs(color.greenRGBComponent - rangedColor.greenRGBComponent) <= filterRange &&
abs(color.blueRGBComponent - rangedColor.blueRGBComponent) <= filterRange) {
filtered = true;
break;
}
}
if (!filtered) {
[filteredColors addObject:color];
}
}
return [filteredColors copy];
The code for UIColor's extension adding the -rgbComponent function can be found underneath, but I wrote it in Swift (trying to write all new classes in Swift, but this wasn't the case for the -colors selector):
extension UIColor {
open func redRGBComponent() -> UInt8 {
let colorComponents = cgColor.components!
return UInt8(colorComponents[0] * 255)
}
open func greenRGBComponent() -> UInt8 {
let colorComponents = cgColor.components!
return UInt8(colorComponents[1] * 255)
}
open func blueRGBComponent() -> UInt8 {
let colorComponents = cgColor.components!
return UInt8(colorComponents[2] * 255)
}
}
Enjoy!
I wrote this tool to do that.
https://github.com/623637646/UIImageColorRatio
// replace the UIImage() to yourself's UIImage.
let theMostUsedColor = UIImage().calculateColorRatio(deviation: 0)?.colorRatioArray.first?.color
let theLeastUsedColor = UIImage().calculateColorRatio(deviation: 0)?.colorRatioArray.last?.color
These are some code that I carried in my project to do matrix computing.
They are two class methods and one instance method that for create matrices and do the matrix multiplication operation.
The method for matrics multiplication doesn't work well, the result from it is wrong.
+ (NSMutableArray *)arrayOfWidth:(NSInteger)width andHeight:(NSInteger)height {
return [[self alloc] initWithWidth:width andHeight:height];
}
- (id)initWithWidth:(NSInteger)width andHeight:(NSInteger)height {
if((self = [self initWithCapacity:height])) {
for(int i = 0; i < height; i++) {
NSMutableArray *inner = [[NSMutableArray alloc] initWithCapacity:width];
[self addObject:inner];
}
}
return self;
}
+ (NSMutableArray *)matrixA:(NSMutableArray *)matrixA multiplyMatrixB:(NSMutableArray *)matrixB {
int aRow = [matrixA count];
int aColumn = [[matrixA objectAtIndex:0] count];
int bRow = [matrixB count];
int bColumn = [[matrixB objectAtIndex:0] count];
NSMutableArray *newArray = [NSMutableArray arrayOfWidth:aRow andHeight:bColumn];
for (int i = 0; i < aRow; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < bColumn; j++) {
double sum = 0.0;
for (int k = 0; k < aColumn; k++) {
NSMutableArray *innerA = [matrixA objectAtIndex:i];
double numA = [[innerA objectAtIndex:k] doubleValue];
NSMutableArray * innerB = [matrixB objectAtIndex:k];
double numB = [[innerB objectAtIndex:j] doubleValue];
sum += numA * numB;
}
NSNumber *result = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:sum];
[[newArray objectAtIndex:i] insertObject:result atIndex:j];
}
}
return newArray;
}
Is there something wrong with the code?
And how can I fix it?
//First, I create a array to hold the numbers
NSNumber *num11 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-2.0];
NSNumber *num12 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:1.0];
NSNumber *num13 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-1.0];
NSNumber *num14 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:2.0];
NSNumber *num21 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-7.0];
NSNumber *num22 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:0.0];
NSNumber *num23 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-1.0];
NSNumber *num24 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-4.0];
NSNumber *num31 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-2.0];
NSNumber *num32 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-1.0];
NSNumber *num33 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:0.0];
NSNumber *num34 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-2.0];
NSNumber *num41 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-3.0];
NSNumber *num42 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-2.0];
NSNumber *num43 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:0.0];
NSNumber *num44 = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:-3.0];
NSMutableArray *temp = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:num11, num12, num13, num14, num21, num22, num23, num24, num31, num32, num33, num34, num41, num42, num43, num44, nil];
//Second, I create the matrix and get the elements from that array
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
double c = [[temp objectAtIndex:4*i+j] doubleValue];
NSNumber *object = [NSNumber numberWithDouble:c];
[[matrix objectAtIndex:i] insertObject:object atIndex:j];
}
}
//Then, I do the multiplication for matrix and itself
NSMutableArray *multiMatrix = [NSMutableArray matrixA:matrix multiplyMatrixB:matrix];
//get all the elements from the multiMatrix
double m11 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:0] objectAtIndex:0] doubleValue];
double m12 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:0] objectAtIndex:1] doubleValue];
double m13 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:0] objectAtIndex:2] doubleValue];
double m14 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:0] objectAtIndex:3] doubleValue];
double m21 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:1] objectAtIndex:0] doubleValue];
double m22 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:1] objectAtIndex:1] doubleValue];
double m23 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:1] objectAtIndex:2] doubleValue];
double m24 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:1] objectAtIndex:3] doubleValue];
double m31 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:2] objectAtIndex:0] doubleValue];
double m32 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:2] objectAtIndex:1] doubleValue];
double m33 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:2] objectAtIndex:2] doubleValue];
double m34 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:2] objectAtIndex:3] doubleValue];
double m41 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:3] objectAtIndex:0] doubleValue];
double m42 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:3] objectAtIndex:1] doubleValue];
double m43 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:3] objectAtIndex:2] doubleValue];
double m44 = [[[multiMatrix objectAtIndex:3] objectAtIndex:3] doubleValue];
//Or you can use the NSLog to check the result
NSString *lineOne = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%f, %f, %f, %f", m11, m12, m13, m14];
NSString *lineTwo= [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%f, %f, %f, %f", m21, m22, m23, m24];
NSString *lineThree = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%f, %f, %f, %f", m31, m32, m33, m34];
NSString *lineFour = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%f, %f, %f, %f", m41, m42, m43, m44];
#rooftop, that's all the code
If you're on iOS you might want to consider the matrix routines in GLKit
If you are familiar with MATLAB's vector operations (even if you are not), I would recommend you to check the Accelerate Framework, it is an optimized framework for digital signal processing.
Two great advantages:
They have that operation already implemented.
It's a more efficient way to do it, but apparently not for small matrixes, see the comments for further detail.
This is probably the function you are looking for:
vDSP_mmul: Performs an out-of-place multiplication of two matrices; single precision.
void vDSP_mmul (
float *__vDSP_a,
vDSP_Stride __vDSP_aStride,
float *__vDSP_b,
vDSP_Stride __vDSP_bStride,
float *__vDSP_c,
vDSP_Stride __vDSP_cStride,
vDSP_Length __vDSP_M,
vDSP_Length __vDSP_N,
vDSP_Length __vDSP_P
);
Parameters
__vDSP_a
Input matrix A.
__vDSP_aStride
The stride within __vDSP_a. For example if stride is 2, every second element is used.
__vDSP_b
Input matrix B.
__vDSP_bStride
The stride within __vDSP_b. For example if stride is 2, every second element is used.
__vDSP_c
The result matrix.
__vDSP_M
The number of rows in matrix A.
__vDSP_N
The number of columns in matrix B.
__vDSP_P
The number of columns in matrix A and the number of rows in matrix B.
Discussion
This function multiplies an M-by-P matrix (A) by a P-by-N matrix (B) and stores the results in an M-by-N matrix (C).
This performs the following operation:
On the other side if writing the method yourself is a requirement, this post won't help you at all.
There are mainly two errors here:
In the main program, you did not declare matrix. You know how to fix this problem.
As you create the matrix, if you already initialize the matrix to zeros, insertingObject will make the matrix of size '4x8', and not '4x4'.
[[matrix objectAtIndex:i] insertObject:object atIndex:j];
In your matrix multiplication method, you also insertObject into an existing matrix, making its size '4x8' instead of '4x4'.
To fix this second problem, you need to replace method insertObject:atIndex, with replaceObjectAtIndex:withObject.
That should solve the problem.
I'm looking for how to draw the sound amplitude.
I found http://supermegaultragroovy.com/2009/10/06/drawing-waveforms/ but i have some problems. How get a list of floating-point values representing the audio?
Thank all.
I found this example here: Drawing waveform with AVAssetReader , changed it and developed a new class based on.
This class returns UIImageView.
//.h file
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#interface WaveformImageVew : UIImageView{
}
-(id)initWithUrl:(NSURL*)url;
- (NSData *) renderPNGAudioPictogramLogForAssett:(AVURLAsset *)songAsset;
#end
//.m file
#import "WaveformImageVew.h"
#define absX(x) (x<0?0-x:x)
#define minMaxX(x,mn,mx) (x<=mn?mn:(x>=mx?mx:x))
#define noiseFloor (-50.0)
#define decibel(amplitude) (20.0 * log10(absX(amplitude)/32767.0))
#define imgExt #"png"
#define imageToData(x) UIImagePNGRepresentation(x)
#implementation WaveformImageVew
-(id)initWithUrl:(NSURL*)url{
if(self = [super init]){
AVURLAsset * urlA = [AVURLAsset URLAssetWithURL:url options:nil];
[self setImage:[UIImage imageWithData:[self renderPNGAudioPictogramLogForAssett:urlA]]];
}
return self;
}
-(UIImage *) audioImageLogGraph:(Float32 *) samples
normalizeMax:(Float32) normalizeMax
sampleCount:(NSInteger) sampleCount
channelCount:(NSInteger) channelCount
imageHeight:(float) imageHeight {
CGSize imageSize = CGSizeMake(sampleCount, imageHeight);
UIGraphicsBeginImageContext(imageSize);
CGContextRef context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
CGContextSetFillColorWithColor(context, [UIColor blackColor].CGColor);
CGContextSetAlpha(context,1.0);
CGRect rect;
rect.size = imageSize;
rect.origin.x = 0;
rect.origin.y = 0;
CGColorRef leftcolor = [[UIColor whiteColor] CGColor];
CGColorRef rightcolor = [[UIColor redColor] CGColor];
CGContextFillRect(context, rect);
CGContextSetLineWidth(context, 1.0);
float halfGraphHeight = (imageHeight / 2) / (float) channelCount ;
float centerLeft = halfGraphHeight;
float centerRight = (halfGraphHeight*3) ;
float sampleAdjustmentFactor = (imageHeight/ (float) channelCount) / (normalizeMax - noiseFloor) / 2;
for (NSInteger intSample = 0 ; intSample < sampleCount ; intSample ++ ) {
Float32 left = *samples++;
float pixels = (left - noiseFloor) * sampleAdjustmentFactor;
CGContextMoveToPoint(context, intSample, centerLeft-pixels);
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, intSample, centerLeft+pixels);
CGContextSetStrokeColorWithColor(context, leftcolor);
CGContextStrokePath(context);
if (channelCount==2) {
Float32 right = *samples++;
float pixels = (right - noiseFloor) * sampleAdjustmentFactor;
CGContextMoveToPoint(context, intSample, centerRight - pixels);
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, intSample, centerRight + pixels);
CGContextSetStrokeColorWithColor(context, rightcolor);
CGContextStrokePath(context);
}
}
// Create new image
UIImage *newImage = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext();
// Tidy up
UIGraphicsEndImageContext();
return newImage;
}
- (NSData *) renderPNGAudioPictogramLogForAssett:(AVURLAsset *)songAsset {
NSError * error = nil;
AVAssetReader * reader = [[AVAssetReader alloc] initWithAsset:songAsset error:&error];
AVAssetTrack * songTrack = [songAsset.tracks objectAtIndex:0];
NSDictionary* outputSettingsDict = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:
[NSNumber numberWithInt:kAudioFormatLinearPCM],AVFormatIDKey,
// [NSNumber numberWithInt:44100.0],AVSampleRateKey, /*Not Supported*/
// [NSNumber numberWithInt: 2],AVNumberOfChannelsKey, /*Not Supported*/
[NSNumber numberWithInt:16],AVLinearPCMBitDepthKey,
[NSNumber numberWithBool:NO],AVLinearPCMIsBigEndianKey,
[NSNumber numberWithBool:NO],AVLinearPCMIsFloatKey,
[NSNumber numberWithBool:NO],AVLinearPCMIsNonInterleaved,
nil];
AVAssetReaderTrackOutput* output = [[AVAssetReaderTrackOutput alloc] initWithTrack:songTrack outputSettings:outputSettingsDict];
[reader addOutput:output];
[output release];
UInt32 sampleRate,channelCount;
NSArray* formatDesc = songTrack.formatDescriptions;
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < [formatDesc count]; ++i) {
CMAudioFormatDescriptionRef item = (CMAudioFormatDescriptionRef)[formatDesc objectAtIndex:i];
const AudioStreamBasicDescription* fmtDesc = CMAudioFormatDescriptionGetStreamBasicDescription (item);
if(fmtDesc ) {
sampleRate = fmtDesc->mSampleRate;
channelCount = fmtDesc->mChannelsPerFrame;
// NSLog(#"channels:%u, bytes/packet: %u, sampleRate %f",fmtDesc->mChannelsPerFrame, fmtDesc->mBytesPerPacket,fmtDesc->mSampleRate);
}
}
UInt32 bytesPerSample = 2 * channelCount;
Float32 normalizeMax = noiseFloor;
NSLog(#"normalizeMax = %f",normalizeMax);
NSMutableData * fullSongData = [[NSMutableData alloc] init];
[reader startReading];
UInt64 totalBytes = 0;
Float64 totalLeft = 0;
Float64 totalRight = 0;
Float32 sampleTally = 0;
NSInteger samplesPerPixel = sampleRate / 50;
while (reader.status == AVAssetReaderStatusReading){
AVAssetReaderTrackOutput * trackOutput = (AVAssetReaderTrackOutput *)[reader.outputs objectAtIndex:0];
CMSampleBufferRef sampleBufferRef = [trackOutput copyNextSampleBuffer];
if (sampleBufferRef){
CMBlockBufferRef blockBufferRef = CMSampleBufferGetDataBuffer(sampleBufferRef);
size_t length = CMBlockBufferGetDataLength(blockBufferRef);
totalBytes += length;
NSAutoreleasePool *wader = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
NSMutableData * data = [NSMutableData dataWithLength:length];
CMBlockBufferCopyDataBytes(blockBufferRef, 0, length, data.mutableBytes);
SInt16 * samples = (SInt16 *) data.mutableBytes;
int sampleCount = length / bytesPerSample;
for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount ; i ++) {
Float32 left = (Float32) *samples++;
left = decibel(left);
left = minMaxX(left,noiseFloor,0);
totalLeft += left;
Float32 right;
if (channelCount==2) {
right = (Float32) *samples++;
right = decibel(right);
right = minMaxX(right,noiseFloor,0);
totalRight += right;
}
sampleTally++;
if (sampleTally > samplesPerPixel) {
left = totalLeft / sampleTally;
if (left > normalizeMax) {
normalizeMax = left;
}
// NSLog(#"left average = %f, normalizeMax = %f",left,normalizeMax);
[fullSongData appendBytes:&left length:sizeof(left)];
if (channelCount==2) {
right = totalRight / sampleTally;
if (right > normalizeMax) {
normalizeMax = right;
}
[fullSongData appendBytes:&right length:sizeof(right)];
}
totalLeft = 0;
totalRight = 0;
sampleTally = 0;
}
}
[wader drain];
CMSampleBufferInvalidate(sampleBufferRef);
CFRelease(sampleBufferRef);
}
}
NSData * finalData = nil;
if (reader.status == AVAssetReaderStatusFailed || reader.status == AVAssetReaderStatusUnknown){
// Something went wrong. Handle it.
}
if (reader.status == AVAssetReaderStatusCompleted){
// You're done. It worked.
NSLog(#"rendering output graphics using normalizeMax %f",normalizeMax);
UIImage *test = [self audioImageLogGraph:(Float32 *) fullSongData.bytes
normalizeMax:normalizeMax
sampleCount:fullSongData.length / (sizeof(Float32) * 2)
channelCount:2
imageHeight:100];
finalData = imageToData(test);
}
[fullSongData release];
[reader release];
return finalData;
}
#end
Been reading your question and created a control for this. Looks like this:
Code here:
https://github.com/fulldecent/FDWaveformView
Discussion here:
https://www.cocoacontrols.com/controls/fdwaveformview
UPDATE 2015-01-29: This project is going strong and making consistent releases. Thanks for SO for all the exposure!
I can give you reference of the one that I have implemented in my application. It was apple's example. Here is the example of AurioTouch which analyzes 3 types of sound audio. Apple has still not provided to analyse directly the audio waves... so this example also uses the Mic to analyse the sound...
Amongst 3 I have used only Oscilloscope for analysing the amplitude effect. I have to change that code drastically to match my requirement, so best of luck if you are going to use...
You can also see one more example using such amplitude : SpeakHere of Apple
This is the code I have used to convert my audio data (audio file ) into floating point representation and saved into an array.
-(void) PrintFloatDataFromAudioFile {
NSString * name = #"Filename"; //YOUR FILE NAME
NSString * source = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:name ofType:#"m4a"]; // SPECIFY YOUR FILE FORMAT
const char *cString = [source cStringUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];
CFStringRef str = CFStringCreateWithCString(
NULL,
cString,
kCFStringEncodingMacRoman
);
CFURLRef inputFileURL = CFURLCreateWithFileSystemPath(
kCFAllocatorDefault,
str,
kCFURLPOSIXPathStyle,
false
);
ExtAudioFileRef fileRef;
ExtAudioFileOpenURL(inputFileURL, &fileRef);
AudioStreamBasicDescription audioFormat;
audioFormat.mSampleRate = 44100; // GIVE YOUR SAMPLING RATE
audioFormat.mFormatID = kAudioFormatLinearPCM;
audioFormat.mFormatFlags = kLinearPCMFormatFlagIsFloat;
audioFormat.mBitsPerChannel = sizeof(Float32) * 8;
audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame = 1; // Mono
audioFormat.mBytesPerFrame = audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame * sizeof(Float32); // == sizeof(Float32)
audioFormat.mFramesPerPacket = 1;
audioFormat.mBytesPerPacket = audioFormat.mFramesPerPacket * audioFormat.mBytesPerFrame; // = sizeof(Float32)
// 3) Apply audio format to the Extended Audio File
ExtAudioFileSetProperty(
fileRef,
kExtAudioFileProperty_ClientDataFormat,
sizeof (AudioStreamBasicDescription), //= audioFormat
&audioFormat);
int numSamples = 1024; //How many samples to read in at a time
UInt32 sizePerPacket = audioFormat.mBytesPerPacket; // = sizeof(Float32) = 32bytes
UInt32 packetsPerBuffer = numSamples;
UInt32 outputBufferSize = packetsPerBuffer * sizePerPacket;
// So the lvalue of outputBuffer is the memory location where we have reserved space
UInt8 *outputBuffer = (UInt8 *)malloc(sizeof(UInt8 *) * outputBufferSize);
AudioBufferList convertedData ;//= malloc(sizeof(convertedData));
convertedData.mNumberBuffers = 1; // Set this to 1 for mono
convertedData.mBuffers[0].mNumberChannels = audioFormat.mChannelsPerFrame; //also = 1
convertedData.mBuffers[0].mDataByteSize = outputBufferSize;
convertedData.mBuffers[0].mData = outputBuffer; //
UInt32 frameCount = numSamples;
float *samplesAsCArray;
int j =0;
double floatDataArray[882000] ; // SPECIFY YOUR DATA LIMIT MINE WAS 882000 , SHOULD BE EQUAL TO OR MORE THAN DATA LIMIT
while (frameCount > 0) {
ExtAudioFileRead(
fileRef,
&frameCount,
&convertedData
);
if (frameCount > 0) {
AudioBuffer audioBuffer = convertedData.mBuffers[0];
samplesAsCArray = (float *)audioBuffer.mData; // CAST YOUR mData INTO FLOAT
for (int i =0; i<1024 /*numSamples */; i++) { //YOU CAN PUT numSamples INTEAD OF 1024
floatDataArray[j] = (double)samplesAsCArray[i] ; //PUT YOUR DATA INTO FLOAT ARRAY
printf("\n%f",floatDataArray[j]); //PRINT YOUR ARRAY'S DATA IN FLOAT FORM RANGING -1 TO +1
j++;
}
}
}}
this is my answer, thx all geek
obj-c
here is code:
-(void) listenerData:(NSNotification *) notify
{
int resnum=112222;
unsigned int bitsum=0;
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
bitsum+=(resnum>>(i*8))&0xff;
}
bitsum=bitsum&0xff;
NSString * check=[NSString stringWithFormat:#"%x %x",resnum,bitsum];
check=nil;
self.drawData=notify.object;``
[self setNeedsDisplay];
}
-(void)drawRect:(CGRect)rect
{
NSArray *data=self.drawData;
NSData *tdata=[data objectAtIndex:0];
double *srcdata=(double*)tdata.bytes;
int datacount=tdata.length/sizeof(double);
tdata=[data objectAtIndex:1];
double *coveddata=(double*)tdata.bytes;
CGContextRef context=UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext();
CGRect bounds=self.bounds;
CGContextClearRect(context, bounds);
CGFloat midpos=bounds.size.height/2;
CGContextBeginPath(context);
const double scale=1.0/100;
CGFloat step=bounds.size.width/(datacount-1);
CGContextMoveToPoint(context, 0, midpos);
CGFloat xpos=0;
for(int i=0;i<datacount;i++)
{
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, xpos, midpos-srcdata[i]*scale);
xpos+=step;
}
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, bounds.size.width, midpos);
CGContextClosePath(context);
CGContextSetRGBFillColor(context, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
CGContextFillPath(context);
CGContextBeginPath(context);
const double scale2=1.0/100;
CGContextMoveToPoint(context, 0, midpos);
xpos=0;
for(int i=0;i<datacount;i++)
{
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, xpos, midpos+coveddata[i]*scale2);
xpos+=step;
}
CGContextAddLineToPoint(context, bounds.size.width, midpos);
CGContextClosePath(context);
CGContextSetRGBFillColor(context, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
CGContextFillPath(context);
}