If I am not wrong, than with triple indirect addressing, the maximum file size for ext3 would be (4G+4M+4K).
Likewise, what will be the the maximum file size for an ext4 FS using extents if we assume a 4KB disk block size?
BS = Block size = 4 KiB
You missed the 12 direct pointers in your calculation for ext3:
(12*BS = 48 KiB) + 4 MiB + 4 GiB + 4 TiB
For ext4, we use 32-bit indexing for the extents:
2^32 * (BS = 2^12) = 2^44 = 16 TiB
which is the number you would e.g. also find on Wikipedia for the maximum ext4 file size.
Related
As you can see in the below command I have assigned a total of 500 GB disk space to my VM. But I am seeing 14.4 GB actual space available to the disk and once it gets used completely. I got an error there isn't much space to use? How to extend space for /dev/mapper/centos-root.
I am using VMware ESXi and using centOS for this VM.
[root#localhost Apr]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes, 1048576000 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00064efd
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 33554431 15727616 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 14.4 GB, 14382268416 bytes, 28090368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 1719 MB, 1719664640 bytes, 3358720 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 byte
Execute bellow Steps to increase your Linux Disk after adding space in VMWare :
Step 1 - update partition table
fdisk /dev/sda
Press p to print the partition table to identify the number of partitions.
Press n to create a new primary partition.
Press p for primary.
Press 3 for the partition number, depending on the output of the partition table print.
Press Enter two times.
Press t to change the system's partition ID.
Press 3 to select the newly creation partition.
Type 8e to change the Hex Code of the partition for Linux LVM.
Press w to write the changes to the partition table.
Step 2 - Restart the virtual machine.
Step 3 - verify that the changes were saved
fdisk -l
Step 4 - convert the new partition to a physical volume
pvcreate /dev/sda3
Step 5 - extend the physical volume (centos is your VG name, if not use your VG name in place of centos )
vgextend centos /dev/sda3
Step 6 - extend the Logical Volume (500G is the size you want to add , if not use the right size in place of 500G)
lvextend -L+500G /dev/mapper/centos-root
Step 7 - expand the ext filesystem online
resize2fs /dev/mapper/centos-root
extend disk without reboot
echo 1 > /sys/block/sda/device/rescan
echo 1 > /sys/block/sdb/device/rescan
echo 1 > /sys/block/nvme0n1/device/rescan_controller
partprobe
gdisk fix warnging
parted change partion size
## parted can executed as command line. but this is very dangerous
parted -s /dev/sdb "resizepart 2 -1" quit
parted -s /dev/sdb "resizepart 3 100%" quit
resizepart 3 100%
pvresize /dev/sda3
lvextend -l +100%FREE cs/root
xfs_growfs /dev/cs/root
I am very newbie in OrangePI PC. I have installed it by dd on my macOS, and I have tried installing a Raspbian image which downloaded from the orangepi.org in Windows as well, after installation when I check free disk space it is showing:
root#orangepi:~# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
rootfs 3.4G 2.7G 474M 86% /
/dev/root 3.4G 2.7G 474M 86% /
devtmpfs 374M 0 374M 0% /dev
tmpfs 101M 188K 101M 1% /run
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 201M 0 201M 0% /run/shm
/dev/mmcblk0p1 41M 4.9M 37M 12% /boot
I have installed it on 32G flash drive. But when I check it through fdisk command it shows 32G as a disk size:
root#orangepi:~# sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 32.0 GB, 32010928128 bytes
4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 976896 cylinders, total 62521344 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x34605ba5
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 40960 124927 41984 83 Linux
/dev/mmcblk0p2 124928 7170047 3522560 83 Linux
root#orangepi:~#
How to fix this?
This solved my problem (solution is taken from here):
root#orangepi:~# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 15.8 GB, 15804137472 bytes
4 heads, 16 sectors/track, 482304 cylinders, total 30867456 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x34605ba5
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 40960 124927 41984 83 Linux
/dev/mmcblk0p2 124928 7170047 3522560 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4): 2
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 2): 2
First sector (2048-30867455, default 2048): 124928
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (124928-30867455, default 30867455):
Using default value 30867455
Command (m for help): w
Then quit (command q), reboot. You will then be able to use resize:
resize2fs /dev/root
Good morning, this is what i get from apache error
Fatal Error Unable to allocate shared memory segment of 134217728 bytes: mmap: Cannot allocate memory (12)
This is my ipcs -lm
------ Limiti della memoria condivisa --------
max number of segments = 4096
max seg size (kbytes) = 131072
max total shared memory (kbytes) = 536870912
dimensione min seg (byte) = 1
This is cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
# kernel.msgmnb = 65536
# Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
# kernel.msgmax = 65536
# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
# kernel.shmmax = 200000000
# Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages
# kernel.shmall = 50000
#
I've set unlimit to unlimited, and i've tryed all the things present on internet.
Can you please tell me what's wrong?
first of all,
please consider to remove # sign before
# kernel.shmmax = 200000000
# kernel.shmall = 50000
like this:
# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
kernel.shmmax = 200000000
# Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages
kernel.shmall = 50000
I'm study FLAC decode problem, but can't figure out how to get FLAC frame length. Please help.
https://xiph.org/flac/format.html
I docoded METADATA_BLOCK_STREAMINFO, and get below data:
mMinBlock: 4096
mMaxBlock: 4096
mMinFrame: 1201
mMaxFrame: 12804
mSampleRate: 44100
mBitPerSample: 16
mTotalSample: 14170212
Then I start to analyse first Frame, below is the info from first Frame header:
isFixBlock = true
blockSize = 12
sampleRate = 9
channel = 10
sampleSize = 4
number = 0
Blocking strategy is fixed-blocksize;
Block size: 1100, it means 256 * (2^(12-8)) samples = 4096 samples;
Sample rate: 1001 : 44.1kHz;
Channel: 2;
Sample size: 100 : 16 bits per sample;
So from above infomation, we'll know this frame has 4096 samples, and sample size is 16 bits per sample. That means this frame length is at least(ignore subframe header and frame footer,etc.) 4096 * 16 / 8 = 8192 bytes. But if I check the FLAC file manually, the offset gap of first and second frame is only 2976 bytes, this means the frame length of first frame is only 2976 bytes. Is there anything wrong for my calculation?
My purpose is get frame offset and frame length of every frame, is there any good way? I know there is sync code 0xFF F8, but it's very low efficiency.
Thanks in advance!
From http://lists.xiph.org/pipermail/flac-dev/2016-February/005845.html
The frame length you calculated (8192 bytes) is that of the decoded
frame, not of the FLAC frame. As it is compressed, it should be indeed
smaller than 8192 bytes.
There is no direct way to find the frame length except finding where the
next frame starts.
In the neo4j-wrapper.conf file I see this:
# Java Heap Size: by default the Java heap size is dynamically
# calculated based on available system resources.
# Uncomment these lines to set specific initial and maximum
# heap size in MB.
#wrapper.java.initmemory=512
#wrapper.java.maxmemory=512
Does that mean that I should not worry about -Xms and -Xmx?
I've read elsewhere that -XX:ParallelGCThreads=4 -XX:+UseNUMA -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC would be good.
Should I add that on my Intel® Core™ i7-4770 Quad-Core Haswell 32 GB DDR3 RAM 2 x 240 GB 6 Gb/s SSD (Software-RAID 1) machine?
I would still configure it manually.
Set both to 12 GB and use the remaining 16GB for memory mapping in neo4j.properties. Try to match it to you store file sizes