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I've read that every manufacturer can produce his own BIOS ,
where to find a specific BIOS interrupts list , and how to know my PC's BIOS version?
there's a lot ( IBM , AT&T , ..)
And it's really strange that the only reference is RBIL !
where to read "ALL" interrupts of specific version ?
Most BIOS vendors are compatible with the original IBM PC BIOS source, but that is a convention, not a rule. Many BIOS vendors will offer their own extended/undocumented BIOS calls.
If you are simply trying to boot, read disk sectors, print characters on the screen, etc, you should be able to manage that without having to know which specific BIOS you are running on. After all, they must be similar enough for DOS to boot!
If you really want to know what specific BIOS you have, you can look in the BIOS POST or setup screens. Look for a version or ID string. Otherwise, you can boot Windows and run the System Information tool, which can tell you. Otherwise, you can dump the F000 segment to a file and run the "strings" utility on it. Again, you probably do not need to know this, because it is irrelevant for 99% of the basic PC operations.
My favorite reference for BIOS and DOS interrupts is the Programmer's PC Sourcebook (Second Edition). It's long out of print, but I think you can still find used copies on Amazon. There are other books out there, but this is the one on my bookshelf that I have used for the last 10+ years.
If you are adverse to spending money, the Ralf Brown Interrupt List (RBIL), seems pretty comprehensive, but I have never used it personally.
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Ok so, my monitor is going black on random occasions. Mostly it is when i watch a video. It doesn't matter if it is on youtube, facebook, udemy or whatever other site.
I checked my cables they are all good. I also turned off the screen saver.
Any ideas what it could be?
there could be many reasons for this - bad drivers, bad cables, bad screen, GPU overheating and melting solder connections (I've experienced this).
the easiest thing to check is to see if the issue is in the computer itself. to do that, connect to a different monitor (using a different cable).
to check if it's a software issue, you could try running a LiveCD of a different OS on your computer (for example, Fedora or Ubuntu).
if the issue still happens even with a different OS, then it's likely a GPU problem - you'll need to either get that replaced, replace the mainboard (if GPU is integrated), or replace the computer...
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Whanted to get a openvms dev enviroment, where could use it to learn the basic command's to get feel for it without worrying about breaking anything.
So whanted to know if its possible to install a openvms iso image in Virtual Box
In case its possible where could get a openvms image or needed first to get installation cds and from those generate the iso?
if the cds are needed is there some online store that can be bought or the price is only afordable for companies?
only making inqueries to see if its possible and feasible, other wise gona give up the ideia of having a development enviroment.
Well what do you know so far, and what do you have so far?
Do you know that OpenVMS has a 40+ year history, was originally written for the (32 bit) VAX platform, ported to 64-bit Alpha (30+ years ago), then ported to Itanium and X86 (64 bit).
That X86 port will boot natively and you may want to ue VMware, Virtualbox or similar - within the current constraints and offeringg - visit vmssoftware.com for details.
For initial learning I recommend to just to use an Alpha or VAX emulator.
Those could run on a virtual machine, but there is no good reason.
Just run as process on whatever laptop/server your have running Windows (and some Linux options I think).
There are are several emulators out there, both free and commercial - google is your friend.
I happen to like/use FreeAXP for Alpha running under 64 bit windows - just Google.
There is no Itanium emulator.
Do you have access to the software distribution somehow?
For starters, why even bother trying to get your own system?
Just timeshare to get a feel for it.
For example SSH to decuserve.org [184.168.131.241 - ooops: 104.207.199.162 ] - ask for an account - presto!
Other timeshare options are available - and very valid to learn the basics (file system, editors, compilers,...)
Good luck!
Hein.
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Till now I used to think that embedded and real time systems are same. But when I was asked in an interview that what the difference is between the two, I was scared. I can't even get proper answer by searching in web.
It was a poor question perhaps since they are not mutually exclusive; an embedded system may be real-time or it may not. One term describes the physical embodiment of a system, the other describes its performance and response characteristics.
Embedded system describes a system that contains one or more software programmable devices but which is not itself a general purpose computer. Such a system typically has a fixed, single application rather than end-user selected and loaded software (which would make it general purpose).
However "embedded" covers a wide spectrum of systems and is not always easy to define; for example if you were writing the UMTS code for a smartphone, you might reasonably be regarded as an embedded developer, if you were writing Flappy Angry Birds 2.0 for that same phone however, you would not - so a smartphone may be both an embedded system and general purpose computer - depending on your view point. Similarly a hand-held games console's system software is embedded; the games themselves are not I would say.
A real-time system describes a system with deterministic low latency response to input events. An embedded system may be "real-time, or it might not. I would normally use the term "real-time embedded system" to be clear.
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I am working on a project involving the following with my team:
GUI and a keyboard for user interaction.
Real-time processing and display.
SPI communication.
USB-based printing.
1, 2 and 3 are to be done in parallel.
Currently we are using Raspberry Pi. But R-pi is lagging in doing the job. So any other embedded processor meeting the above specs and should be less than $100.
Any suggestion would be highly appreciated.
PS: Do ask questions if I'm vague in my statements.
Your lack of real-time response probably has more to do with the fact that Linux is not a real-time OS than the performance of the RPi. You can throw processing power at the problem if you like, but it still may not reliable solve your problem.
It is not possible to advise based on the little information you have provided; you'd need to define the real-time response requirements in terms of time and quantity of data to be processed.
While an RTOS might solve your real-time processing problems, that would need you needing drivers for the USB printer, display, and a GUI implementation, these are readily available for Linux, but not so much for a typical low-cost RTOS, especially a USB printer driver, since the raster-image processing required is complex and resource hungry - resources a typical Linux system will have.
If you have the necessary time and skill, you could port RTLinux to RPi (or some other board capable of supporting Linux). It has a different scheduler to the standard time-sharing kernel, and can be used to improve real-time response, but it is no substitute for a real RTOS for deterministic performance.
You may be better off using the RPi and connecting it to a stand-alone microcontroller to perform the hard real-time processing. There are a number of project examples connecting an Arduino to RPi for example. The lower clock rate does not mean slower response since the processor can be dedicated to the task and will not non-deterministically switch to some other task for long periods.
Try the beaglebone black. Its 1GHz processor should be more then sufficient to do your processing. Also it is ARM7, Ubuntu dropped support for ARM6 (Pi) a couple of months ago.
http://beagleboard.org/products/beaglebone%20black
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I always feel guilty when I end a process in the task manager, thinking to myself that if there was a microsoft developer behind me he'd probably say 'if you only knew what you're doing..' . So, is it that bad to kill processes or actually it's something that don't have relevant collateral damages at all? Thanks!
It depends on what you're killing, really.
If that process has created some temp files, they aren't going to get cleaned up. If the process was in the middle of writing to a file, the file will be incomplete.
I wouldn't worry about the side effects from killing a frozen notepad.exe. But if it is something like VMWare Workstation, then yes, I would worry because my VM might be corrupted.
I'd have to second the answer of 'it depends'. A large percentage of programs out there won't cost you much more than whatever you were doing at the time of the kill. With that said, there are other programs that could suffer significant damage depending on when you kill it. It all depends on what the application is doing, what kind of temp/state/etc files/data it's using at the time, etc.
With all that said, I wouldn't think 'death by task manager' would be all that common of an activity. Sure there are programs that go south off and on, but I'm rarely pushed to having to kill a process of with that kind of force...