I have a question about valgrind. In the following function, I don't see any errors but when I run a Valgrind test, it shows an error.
Can someone please tell me what I should do to make it work correctly?
char * anfuegen(char * teilvorne, char * teilhinten)
{
size_t laengeTeilvorne = strlen(teilvorne);
size_t laengeTeilhinten = strlen(teilhinten);
char * neuerDateiname = (char*) malloc(
laengeTeilvorne + laengeTeilhinten + 1);
memcpy(neuerDateiname, teilvorne, laengeTeilvorne);
memcpy(neuerDateiname + laengeTeilvorne, teilhinten, laengeTeilhinten + 1);
return neuerDateiname;
}
Related
First off all I am a beginner regarding embedded programming.
For an application I do want to use the MLX90621 thermo pixel array togehter with an STM32G431KB. On the Melexis Website is an example Code with some sort off abstraction. I moddified the lowlevel part of the code to work with the HAL library of the MCU.
For some reason I can read the EEPROM and write to it, get an acknowledge... But when trying to read from the adress 0x60, the RAM, where the sensorvalues are stored i do not get an acknowledge. I do have checkt with an logic analyer and I am sending the correct messages. Just for refference I do have added the code part of the read function.
Has anybody an idea regarding some very dump timing error or something like that.
P.S. Allready tried an different sensor of my order with the exact same result.
int MLX90621_I2CRead(uint8_t slaveAddr,uint8_t command, uint8_t startAddress, uint8_t addressStep, uint8_t nMemAddressRead, uint16_t *data)
{
uint8_t sa = slaveAddr << 1;
int cnt = 0;
int i = 0;
uint8_t cmd[4] = {0,0,0,0};
uint8_t i2cData[132] = {0};
uint16_t *p;
p = data;
cmd[0] = command;
cmd[1] = startAddress;
cmd[2] = addressStep;
cmd[3] = nMemAddressRead;
if (HAL_I2C_Master_Transmit(&hi2c2, sa, cmd, 4, HAL_MAX_DELAY) != HAL_OK)
return -1;
HAL_Delay(1);
//sa = sa | 0x01;
//ack = i2c.read(sa, i2cData, 2*nMemAddressRead, 0);
if (HAL_I2C_Master_Receive(&hi2c2, sa, i2cData, 2*nMemAddressRead, HAL_MAX_DELAY) != HAL_OK)
return -1;
for (cnt = 0; cnt < nMemAddressRead; cnt++) {
i = cnt << 1;
*p++ = (uint16_t)i2cData[i+1]*256 + (uint16_t)i2cData[i];
}
return 0;
}
I have to add freetype library to keil uvision 4 for dealing ttf font files.
I followed the steps in Simple Glyph Loading Tutorial.
I am trying to compile the code below called example1.c. I tried the tutorial in Ubuntu terminal with the help of Undefined reference to 'FT_Init_FreeType'. It compiled without error.
But unfortunately I don't know how to link the library to keil.
It shows "Error: L6218E: Undefined symbol FT_Init_FreeType (referred from example1.o)."
Can anyone help me?
example1.c:
/* example1.c */
/* */
/* This small program shows how to print a rotated string with the */
/* FreeType 2 library. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_H
#define WIDTH 640
#define HEIGHT 480
/* origin is the upper left corner */
unsigned char image[HEIGHT][WIDTH];
/* Replace this function with something useful. */
void
draw_bitmap( FT_Bitmap* bitmap,
FT_Int x,
FT_Int y)
{
FT_Int i, j, p, q;
FT_Int x_max = x + bitmap->width;
FT_Int y_max = y + bitmap->rows;
for ( i = x, p = 0; i < x_max; i++, p++ )
{
for ( j = y, q = 0; j < y_max; j++, q++ )
{
if ( i < 0 || j < 0 ||
i >= WIDTH || j >= HEIGHT )
continue;
image[j][i] |= bitmap->buffer[q * bitmap->width + p];
}
}
}
void
show_image( void )
{
int i, j;
for ( i = 0; i < HEIGHT; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0; j < WIDTH; j++ )
putchar( image[i][j] == 0 ? ' '
: image[i][j] < 128 ? '+'
: '*' );
putchar( '\n' );
}
}
int
main( int argc,
char** argv )
{
FT_Library library;
FT_Face face;
FT_GlyphSlot slot;
FT_Matrix matrix; /* transformation matrix */
FT_Vector pen; /* untransformed origin */
FT_Error error;
char* filename;
char* text;
double angle;
int target_height;
int n, num_chars;
if ( argc != 3 )
{
fprintf ( stderr, "usage: %s font sample-text\n", argv[0] );
exit( 1 );
}
filename = argv[1]; /* first argument */
text = argv[2]; /* second argument */
num_chars = strlen( text );
angle = ( 25.0 / 360 ) * 3.14159 * 2; /* use 25 degrees */
target_height = HEIGHT;
error = FT_Init_FreeType( &library ); /* initialize library */
/* error handling omitted */
error = FT_New_Face( library, filename, 0, &face );/* create face object */
/* error handling omitted */
/* use 50pt at 100dpi */
error = FT_Set_Char_Size( face, 50 * 64, 0,
100, 0 ); /* set character size */
/* error handling omitted */
slot = face->glyph;
/* set up matrix */
matrix.xx = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.xy = (FT_Fixed)(-sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yx = (FT_Fixed)( sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yy = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
/* the pen position in 26.6 cartesian space coordinates; */
/* start at (300,200) relative to the upper left corner */
pen.x = 300 * 64;
pen.y = ( target_height - 200 ) * 64;
for ( n = 0; n < num_chars; n++ )
{
/* set transformation */
FT_Set_Transform( face, &matrix, &pen );
/* load glyph image into the slot (erase previous one) */
error = FT_Load_Char( face, text[n], FT_LOAD_RENDER );
if ( error )
continue; /* ignore errors */
/* now, draw to our target surface (convert position) */
draw_bitmap( &slot->bitmap,
slot->bitmap_left,
target_height - slot->bitmap_top );
/* increment pen position */
pen.x += slot->advance.x;
pen.y += slot->advance.y;
}
show_image();
FT_Done_Face ( face );
FT_Done_FreeType( library );
return 0;
}
Create a new project "freetype". In the project settings change the "Output" to a static library:
Add the freetype sources to the project, and build. Do not use your "amalgamated" source file - that will destroy the library granularity and lead to excessively large code.
Add the resulting freetype.lib file to your application project. The linker will select only those modules from the library that are necessary to resolve references in your application thus keeping size to a minimum.
You may get smaller code size from including the freetype source directly in your application and using cross-module optimisation (this will work regardless of the use of separate compilation or the amalgamated file); however the build time may be excessive as it requires repeated full-builds to fully optimise. Note that unlike compiler-optimisation, cross-module optimisation does not affect the debugging experience - you can use the debugger normally even with it enabled.
EDIT :
The cross-module optimisation feature may not apply when using the GNU toolchain; it refers to the use of Keil MDK-ARM which uses ARM's RealView toolchain. Other aspects of this answer may also be applicable only to MDK-ARM.
After a long research I could find an alternate solution for the problem. I could reach at freetype amalgamate project, which one is the exact solution for this .
Here all the source files are amalgamated into two files. One ".c" file and one ".h" file. So it can be easily integrate into any other project.
Here is the link for freetype amalgamate.
Thank you.
I'm attempting to use OpenSSL's PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1 method. I gather that it returns 0 if it succeeds, and some other value otherwise. My question is, what does a non-zero return value mean? Memory error? Usage error? How should my program handle it (retry, quit?)?
Edit: A corollary question is, is there any way to figure this out besides reverse-engineering the method itself?
is there any way to figure this out besides reverse-engineering the method itself?
PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1 looks like one of those undocumented functions because I can't find it in the OpenSSL docs. OpenSSL has a lot of them, so you should be prepared to study the sources if you are going to use the library.
I gather that it returns 0 if it succeeds, and some other value otherwise.
Actually, its reversed. Here's how I know...
$ grep -R PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1 *
crypto/evp/evp.h:int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(const char *pass, int passlen,
crypto/evp/p5_crpt2.c:int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(const char *pass, int passlen,
...
So, you find the function's implementation in crypto/evp/p5_crpt2.c:
int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA1(const char *pass, int passlen,
const unsigned char *salt, int saltlen, int iter,
int keylen, unsigned char *out)
{
return PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(pass, passlen, salt, saltlen, iter,
EVP_sha1(), keylen, out);
}
Following PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC:
$ grep -R PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC *
...
crypto/evp/evp.h:int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(const char *pass, int passlen,
crypto/evp/p5_crpt2.c:int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(const char *pass, int passlen,
...
And again, from crypto/evp/p5_crpt2.c:
int PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(const char *pass, int passlen,
const unsigned char *salt, int saltlen, int iter,
const EVP_MD *digest,
int keylen, unsigned char *out)
{
unsigned char digtmp[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE], *p, itmp[4];
int cplen, j, k, tkeylen, mdlen;
unsigned long i = 1;
HMAC_CTX hctx_tpl, hctx;
mdlen = EVP_MD_size(digest);
if (mdlen < 0)
return 0;
HMAC_CTX_init(&hctx_tpl);
p = out;
tkeylen = keylen;
if(!pass)
passlen = 0;
else if(passlen == -1)
passlen = strlen(pass);
if (!HMAC_Init_ex(&hctx_tpl, pass, passlen, digest, NULL))
{
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
return 0;
}
while(tkeylen)
{
if(tkeylen > mdlen)
cplen = mdlen;
else
cplen = tkeylen;
/* We are unlikely to ever use more than 256 blocks (5120 bits!)
* but just in case...
*/
itmp[0] = (unsigned char)((i >> 24) & 0xff);
itmp[1] = (unsigned char)((i >> 16) & 0xff);
itmp[2] = (unsigned char)((i >> 8) & 0xff);
itmp[3] = (unsigned char)(i & 0xff);
if (!HMAC_CTX_copy(&hctx, &hctx_tpl))
{
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
return 0;
}
if (!HMAC_Update(&hctx, salt, saltlen)
|| !HMAC_Update(&hctx, itmp, 4)
|| !HMAC_Final(&hctx, digtmp, NULL))
{
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx);
return 0;
}
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx);
memcpy(p, digtmp, cplen);
for(j = 1; j < iter; j++)
{
if (!HMAC_CTX_copy(&hctx, &hctx_tpl))
{
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
return 0;
}
if (!HMAC_Update(&hctx, digtmp, mdlen)
|| !HMAC_Final(&hctx, digtmp, NULL))
{
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx);
return 0;
}
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx);
for(k = 0; k < cplen; k++)
p[k] ^= digtmp[k];
}
tkeylen-= cplen;
i++;
p+= cplen;
}
HMAC_CTX_cleanup(&hctx_tpl);
return 1;
}
So it looks like 0 on failure, and 1 on success. You should not see other values. And if you get a 0, then all the OUT parameters are junk.
Memory error? Usage error?
Well, sometimes you can call ERR_get_error. If you call it and it makes sense, then the error code is good. If the error code makes no sense, then its probably not good.
Sadly, that's the way I handle it because the library is not consistent with setting error codes. For example, here's the library code to load the RDRAND engine.
Notice the code clears the error code on failure if its a 3rd generation Ivy Bridge (that's the capability being tested), and does not clear or set an error otherwise!!!
void ENGINE_load_rdrand (void)
{
extern unsigned int OPENSSL_ia32cap_P[];
if (OPENSSL_ia32cap_P[1] & (1<<(62-32)))
{
ENGINE *toadd = ENGINE_rdrand();
if(!toadd) return;
ENGINE_add(toadd);
ENGINE_free(toadd);
ERR_clear_error();
}
}
How should my program handle it (retry, quit?)?
It looks like a hard failure.
Finally, that's exactly how I navigate the sources in this situation. If you don't like grep you can try ctags or another source code browser.
I am trying to compile this simple program on Xcode 5 and I'm getting a "thread 1: breakpoint 1.1" message at error line below. Anyone know how I can fix it?
Here's my code:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
int totalSavings(int listTotal);
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
#autoreleasepool {
int itemEntry, itemEntry1, itemEntry2,
listTotal, calcSavings;
itemEntry = 320;
itemEntry1 = 218;
itemEntry2 = 59;
listTotal = itemEntry + itemEntry1 + itemEntry2;
calcSavings = totalSavings(listTotal); \\error line
NSLog(#"Total Planned Spending: %d \n Amount Saved: %d", listTotal,
calcSavings);
}
return 0;
}
int totalSavings(int listTotal)
{
int savingsTotal;
savingsTotal = 700 - listTotal;
return savingsTotal;
}
Including the type int in the call is incorrect syntax.
The line in error:
calcSavings = totalSavings(int listTotal);
The fixed line:
calcSavings = totalSavings(listTotal);
The error message is:
Untitled.m:16:36: error: expected expression
calcSavings = totalSavings(int listTotal); // error line
^
Notice the "^" just under int, this is a clear indication of where the error is.
I am trying to get the ARP entries on my iPad like here.
When compiling the code to run on my iPad (so not the simulator) I am getting missing header error messages. You can resolve them by copying the header files into you project locally as mentioned in this post.
The problem lies in the line
sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(sin + 1);
in this piece of code:
-(NSString*) ip2mac: (char*) ip
{
int expire_time, flags, export_only, doing_proxy, found_entry;
NSString *mAddr = nil;
u_long addr = inet_addr(ip);
int mib[6];
size_t needed;
char *host, *lim, *buf, *next;
struct rt_msghdr *rtm;
struct sockaddr_inarp *sin;
struct sockaddr_dl *sdl;
extern int h_errno;
struct hostent *hp;
mib[0] = CTL_NET;
mib[1] = PF_ROUTE;
mib[2] = 0;
mib[3] = AF_INET;
mib[4] = NET_RT_FLAGS;
mib[5] = RTF_LLINFO;
if (sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, &needed, NULL, 0) < 0)
err(1, "route-sysctl-estimate");
if ((buf = malloc(needed)) == NULL)
err(1, "malloc");
if (sysctl(mib, 6, buf, &needed, NULL, 0) < 0)
err(1, "actual retrieval of routing table");
lim = buf + needed;
for (next = buf; next < lim; next += rtm->rtm_msglen) {
rtm = (struct rt_msghdr *)next;
sin = (struct sockaddr_inarp *)(rtm + 1);
sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(sin + 1);
if (addr) {
if (addr != sin->sin_addr.s_addr)
continue;
found_entry = 1;
}
if (nflag == 0)
hp = gethostbyaddr((caddr_t)&(sin->sin_addr),
sizeof sin->sin_addr, AF_INET);
else
hp = 0;
if (hp)
host = hp->h_name;
else {
host = "?";
if (h_errno == TRY_AGAIN)
nflag = 1;
}
if (sdl->sdl_alen) {
u_char *cp = LLADDR(sdl);
mAddr = [NSString stringWithFormat:#"%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x", cp[0], cp[1], cp[2], cp[3], cp[4], cp[5]];
// ether_print((u_char *)LLADDR(sdl));
}
else
mAddr = nil;
}
if (found_entry == 0) {
return nil;
} else {
return mAddr;
}
}
It gives the following error message:
Arithmetic on pointer to incomplete type 'struct sockaddr_inarp*'
When you compile the code for the iPad simulator everything runs fine.
Does anyone have an idea how to solve this?
A similar question (but not solved) is asked here.
After importing <netinet/if_ether.h>, you should edit it and change the line
#include <net/if_arp.h>
to
#include "if_arp.h"
and then import <net/if_arp.h> in your project as well. This should fix that error.
Anyway the headers you need to import to compile the code you posted are:
#include "if_ether.h"
#include "route.h"
#include "if_arp.h"
#include "if_dl.h"
Hope this helps =)
EDIT:
You need to "Add files to project", not simply importing it with #import or #include.
You can find above files from following links:
Files under "netinet"
Files under "net"
#include <net/ethernet.h>
instead of messing with the original headers. More info here: Implicit declaration of function 'ether_ntoa' is invalid in C99