Following codes demonstrate shared memory between two process (server & client )
This code transfer characters between two program , but i want to transfer NSData between two programs within this code
How can I do this?
shm_server.c
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define SHMSZ 27
int main()
{
char c;
int shmid;
key_t key;
char *shm, *s;
/*
* We'll name our shared memory segment
* "5678".
*/
key = 5678;
/*
* Create the segment.
*/
if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, IPC_CREAT | 0666)) < 0) {
perror("shmget");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Now we attach the segment to our data space.
*/
if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1) {
perror("shmat");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Now put some things into the memory for the
* other process to read.
*/
s = shm;
for (c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++)
*s++ = c;
*s = NULL;
/*
* Finally, we wait until the other process
* changes the first character of our memory
* to '*', indicating that it has read what
* we put there.
*/
while (*shm != '*')
sleep(1);
exit(0);
}
shm_client.c
/*
* shm-client - client program to demonstrate shared memory.
*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define SHMSZ 27
int main()
{
int shmid;
key_t key;
char *shm, *s;
/*
* We need to get the segment named
* "5678", created by the server.
*/
key = 5678;
/*
* Locate the segment.
*/
if ((shmid = shmget(key, SHMSZ, 0666)) < 0) {
perror("shmget");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Now we attach the segment to our data space.
*/
if ((shm = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0)) == (char *) -1) {
perror("shmat");
exit(1);
}
/*
* Now read what the server put in the memory.
*/
for (s = shm; *s != NULL; s++)
putchar(*s);
putchar('\n');
/*
* Finally, change the first character of the
* segment to '*', indicating we have read
* the segment.
*/
*shm = '*';
exit(0);
}
Thanks in advance
Better to use Distributed Objects.
You need to serialize your data, put it in the shared memory, then de-serialize, just like you would if you sent data over a network. This example is a bit in-efficient in that it serialises to a text format, but it should work well enough.
Related
I am new to writing functions in C to be used with SQL. So far, I have looked at this example which executes a query using SPI. However, it prints the result as a log message. I was wondering how would this example have to change for me to return the result as a normal query (normal as in how I can view it when I execute a SQL query in pgAdmin)?
User-defined functions written in C may be what you want. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/xfunc-c.html#id-1.8.3.13.11
A complete example of returning a composite type looks like:
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(retcomposite);
Datum
retcomposite(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FuncCallContext *funcctx;
int call_cntr;
int max_calls;
TupleDesc tupdesc;
AttInMetadata *attinmeta;
/* stuff done only on the first call of the function */
if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
{
MemoryContext oldcontext;
/* create a function context for cross-call persistence */
funcctx = SRF_FIRSTCALL_INIT();
/* switch to memory context appropriate for multiple function calls */
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(funcctx->multi_call_memory_ctx);
/* total number of tuples to be returned */
funcctx->max_calls = PG_GETARG_UINT32(0);
/* Build a tuple descriptor for our result type */
if (get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &tupdesc) != TYPEFUNC_COMPOSITE)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("function returning record called in context "
"that cannot accept type record")));
/*
* generate attribute metadata needed later to produce tuples from raw
* C strings
*/
attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(tupdesc);
funcctx->attinmeta = attinmeta;
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
/* stuff done on every call of the function */
funcctx = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
call_cntr = funcctx->call_cntr;
max_calls = funcctx->max_calls;
attinmeta = funcctx->attinmeta;
if (call_cntr < max_calls) /* do when there is more left to send */
{
char **values;
HeapTuple tuple;
Datum result;
/*
* Prepare a values array for building the returned tuple.
* This should be an array of C strings which will
* be processed later by the type input functions.
*/
values = (char **) palloc(3 * sizeof(char *));
values[0] = (char *) palloc(16 * sizeof(char));
values[1] = (char *) palloc(16 * sizeof(char));
values[2] = (char *) palloc(16 * sizeof(char));
snprintf(values[0], 16, "%d", 1 * PG_GETARG_INT32(1));
snprintf(values[1], 16, "%d", 2 * PG_GETARG_INT32(1));
snprintf(values[2], 16, "%d", 3 * PG_GETARG_INT32(1));
/* build a tuple */
tuple = BuildTupleFromCStrings(attinmeta, values);
/* make the tuple into a datum */
result = HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
/* clean up (this is not really necessary) */
pfree(values[0]);
pfree(values[1]);
pfree(values[2]);
pfree(values);
SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funcctx, result);
}
else /* do when there is no more left */
{
SRF_RETURN_DONE(funcctx);
}
}
You can combine this with SPI.
I'm trying to program LPC824 microcontroller board ([https://www.switch-science.com/catalog/2265/][1]) with LPCOpen.
I'm using it with LPCLink 2 debugger board.
My goal is to get some information from the "pressure sensor" with an ADC.
My code stops with a HardFault when executing a NVIC_EnableIRQ function(on line: 92).
If I don't use "NVIC interrupt controller" then my code works and I can get value from sensor with ADC.
What I am doing wrong?
Here is my adc.c code:
#include "board.h"
static volatile int ticks;
static bool sequenceComplete = false;
static bool thresholdCrossed = false;
#define TICKRATE_HZ (100) /* 100 ticks per second */
#define BOARD_ADC_CH 2
/**
* #brief Handle interrupt from ADC sequencer A
* #return Nothing
*/
void ADC_SEQA_IRQHandler(void) {
uint32_t pending;
/* Get pending interrupts */
pending = Chip_ADC_GetFlags(LPC_ADC);
/* Sequence A completion interrupt */
if (pending & ADC_FLAGS_SEQA_INT_MASK) {
sequenceComplete = true;
}
/* Threshold crossing interrupt on ADC input channel */
if (pending & ADC_FLAGS_THCMP_MASK(BOARD_ADC_CH)) {
thresholdCrossed = true;
}
/* Clear any pending interrupts */
Chip_ADC_ClearFlags(LPC_ADC, pending);
}
/**
* #brief Handle interrupt from SysTick timer
* #return Nothing
*/
void SysTick_Handler(void) {
static uint32_t count;
/* Every 1/2 second */
if (count++ == TICKRATE_HZ / 2) {
count = 0;
Chip_ADC_StartSequencer(LPC_ADC, ADC_SEQA_IDX);
}
}
/**
* #brief main routine for ADC example
* #return Function should not exit
*/
int main(void) {
uint32_t rawSample;
int j;
SystemCoreClockUpdate();
Board_Init();
/* Setup ADC for 12-bit mode and normal power */
Chip_ADC_Init(LPC_ADC, 0);
Chip_ADC_Init(LPC_ADC, ADC_CR_MODE10BIT);
/* Need to do a calibration after initialization and trim */
Chip_ADC_StartCalibration(LPC_ADC);
while (!(Chip_ADC_IsCalibrationDone(LPC_ADC))) {
}
/* Setup for maximum ADC clock rate using sycnchronous clocking */
Chip_ADC_SetClockRate(LPC_ADC, ADC_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE);
Chip_ADC_SetupSequencer(LPC_ADC, ADC_SEQA_IDX,
(ADC_SEQ_CTRL_CHANSEL(BOARD_ADC_CH) | ADC_SEQ_CTRL_MODE_EOS));
Chip_Clock_EnablePeriphClock(SYSCTL_CLOCK_SWM);
Chip_SWM_EnableFixedPin(SWM_FIXED_ADC2);
Chip_Clock_DisablePeriphClock(SYSCTL_CLOCK_SWM);
/* Setup threshold 0 low and high values to about 25% and 75% of max */
Chip_ADC_SetThrLowValue(LPC_ADC, 0, ((1 * 0xFFF) / 4));
Chip_ADC_SetThrHighValue(LPC_ADC, 0, ((3 * 0xFFF) / 4));
Chip_ADC_ClearFlags(LPC_ADC, Chip_ADC_GetFlags(LPC_ADC));
Chip_ADC_EnableInt(LPC_ADC,
(ADC_INTEN_SEQA_ENABLE | ADC_INTEN_OVRRUN_ENABLE));
Chip_ADC_SelectTH0Channels(LPC_ADC, ADC_THRSEL_CHAN_SEL_THR1(BOARD_ADC_CH));
Chip_ADC_SetThresholdInt(LPC_ADC, BOARD_ADC_CH, ADC_INTEN_THCMP_CROSSING);
/* Enable ADC NVIC interrupt */
NVIC_EnableIRQ(ADC_SEQA_IRQn);
Chip_ADC_EnableSequencer(LPC_ADC, ADC_SEQA_IDX);
SysTick_Config(SystemCoreClock / TICKRATE_HZ);
/* Endless loop */
while (1) {
/* Sleep until something happens */
__WFI();
if (thresholdCrossed) {
thresholdCrossed = false;
printf("********ADC threshold event********\r\n");
}
/* Is a conversion sequence complete? */
if (sequenceComplete) {
sequenceComplete = false;
/* Get raw sample data for channels 0-11 */
for (j = 0; j < 12; j++) {
rawSample = Chip_ADC_GetDataReg(LPC_ADC, j);
/* Show some ADC data */
if (rawSample & (ADC_DR_OVERRUN | ADC_SEQ_GDAT_DATAVALID)) {
printf("Chan: %d Val: %d\r\n", j, ADC_DR_RESULT(rawSample));
printf("Threshold range: 0x%x ",
ADC_DR_THCMPRANGE(rawSample));
printf("Threshold cross: 0x%x\r\n",
ADC_DR_THCMPCROSS(rawSample));
printf("Overrun: %s ",
(rawSample & ADC_DR_OVERRUN) ? "true" : "false");
printf("Data Valid: %s\r\n\r\n",
(rawSample & ADC_SEQ_GDAT_DATAVALID) ?
"true" : "false");
}
}
}
}
}
Hard fault usually means that you try to execute code outside allowed addresses. If you have not registered the interrupt in the vector table but enabled it, the MCU will jump to whatever address that's written there instead, after which the program crashes.
How to fix that depends on tool chain. Assuming LPCXpresso, you have several options to set up libraries (I don't know about LPCOpen specifically), so where to find the vector table is different from case to case. However, this works quite similar on most MCUs, ARM or not. Somewhere in a "crt start-up" file you should have something along the lines of this:
void (* const g_pfnVectors[])(void) = ...
This is an array of function pointers which will be the vector table allocated in memory at address 0 on Cortex M. You have to place your function at the relevant interrupt vector. For example it may say something like
PIN_INT0_IRQHandler, // PIO INT0
If that's the interrupt you should implement, then you replace that line:
#include "my_irq_stuff.h"
...
void (* const g_pfnVectors[])(void) =
...
my_INT0, // PIO INT0
Assuming my_irq_stuff.h contains the function prototype my_INT0 for the interrupt service routine. The actual routine should be implemented in the corresponding .c file.
I'm writing a small embedded program, where I send some commands over uart to the atmega328p chip. The commands start with the character $ and end with the character # (so I know when to perform the parsing). Upon receiving the command I parse it and turn the device on (COMMAND:TURN_ON_I1) or off (COMMAND:TURN_OFF_I1). The application currently looks like this:
// ------- Defines -------- //
#define F_CPU 8000000UL
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
#include <avr/power.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "pinDefines.h"
#include "USART.h"
#define RECEIVE_BUFFER_SIZE 100
// Control output value
#define output_low(port,pin) port &= ~(1<<pin)
#define output_high(port,pin) port |= (1<<pin)
// Set pin mode (input or output)
#define set_input(portdir,pin) portdir &= ~(1<<pin)
#define set_output(portdir,pin) portdir |= (1<<pin)
// The DDRD port contains only two pins:
#define REL_BTN_SIM_2 PD6 // PD6 = REL_BTN_SIM_2
void initUSART(void) { /* requires BAUD */
UBRR0H = UBRRH_VALUE; /* defined in setbaud.h */
UBRR0L = UBRRL_VALUE;
#if USE_2X
UCSR0A |= (1 << U2X0);
#else
UCSR0A &= ~(1 << U2X0);
#endif
/* Enable USART transmitter/receiver */
UCSR0B = (1 << TXEN0) | (1 << RXEN0);
UCSR0C = (1 << UCSZ01) | (1 << UCSZ00); /* 8 data bits, 1 stop bit */
}
void printString(const char myString[]) {
uint8_t i = 0;
while (myString[i]) {
transmitByte(myString[i]);
i++;
}
}
uint8_t receiveByte(void) {
loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, RXC0); /* Wait for incoming data */
return UDR0; /* return register value */
}
void transmitByte(uint8_t data) {
/* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
loop_until_bit_is_set(UCSR0A, UDRE0);
UDR0 = data; /* send data */
}
int main(void) {
//$COMMAND:TURN_ON_I1#
//$COMMAND:TURN_OFF_I1#
char s[RECEIVE_BUFFER_SIZE];
char readSerialCharacter;
// -------- Inits --------- //
DDRB = 0b00000111;
DDRC = 0b00001000;
DDRD = 0b11000000;
initUSART();
// ------ Event loop ------ //
while (1) {
printString("Waiting for the start of string (char $).\r\n");
do { } while ( receiveByte() != '$'); // Wait for start of string.
// Fill the array until the end of transmission is received
int i=0;
do {
// If nearing end of buffer, don't fill the buffer and exit the loop
if(i<RECEIVE_BUFFER_SIZE-1){
readSerialCharacter = receiveByte();
s[i++] = readSerialCharacter;
}else
break;
} while (readSerialCharacter != '#'); // Wait for end of string.
s[i] ='\0'; // Terminate the string
printString("The whole received command:\r\n");
printString(s);
printString("\r\n");
// Other commands (temperature, relay control)
// REL_BTN_SIM_2
else if(strstr(s, "COMMAND:TURN_ON_I1") != NULL)
{
printString("Will set I1 on!");
output_high(PORTD, REL_BTN_SIM_2);
}
else if(strstr(s, "COMMAND:TURN_OFF_I1") != NULL)
{
printString("Will set I1 off!");
output_low(PORTD, REL_BTN_SIM_2);
}
else
printString("Unknown command.\r\n");
// Clear the buffer
memset(s,'\0', sizeof(s));
}
/* End event loop */
return (0);
}
I noticed that after I send a command around seven or eight times (or more), the serial communication is interrupted or that the command is executed with a delay. I can also see, that the debug strings "Will set I1 off!", "Will set I1 on!" are printed, but the state of the outputs are not changed (or are changed with a delay of a couple of seconds).
I was wondering if someone would know, what I'm doing wrong?
Thanks.
You have a nice definition of set_output(), but you are not using it. So I suspect that you never enabled the output driver. By setting the port register, you just enable the weak pull-up. Maybe that is not strong enough to switch on your relay driver fast. Do you have a capacitor in that driver circuit?
I have to add freetype library to keil uvision 4 for dealing ttf font files.
I followed the steps in Simple Glyph Loading Tutorial.
I am trying to compile the code below called example1.c. I tried the tutorial in Ubuntu terminal with the help of Undefined reference to 'FT_Init_FreeType'. It compiled without error.
But unfortunately I don't know how to link the library to keil.
It shows "Error: L6218E: Undefined symbol FT_Init_FreeType (referred from example1.o)."
Can anyone help me?
example1.c:
/* example1.c */
/* */
/* This small program shows how to print a rotated string with the */
/* FreeType 2 library. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <ft2build.h>
#include FT_FREETYPE_H
#define WIDTH 640
#define HEIGHT 480
/* origin is the upper left corner */
unsigned char image[HEIGHT][WIDTH];
/* Replace this function with something useful. */
void
draw_bitmap( FT_Bitmap* bitmap,
FT_Int x,
FT_Int y)
{
FT_Int i, j, p, q;
FT_Int x_max = x + bitmap->width;
FT_Int y_max = y + bitmap->rows;
for ( i = x, p = 0; i < x_max; i++, p++ )
{
for ( j = y, q = 0; j < y_max; j++, q++ )
{
if ( i < 0 || j < 0 ||
i >= WIDTH || j >= HEIGHT )
continue;
image[j][i] |= bitmap->buffer[q * bitmap->width + p];
}
}
}
void
show_image( void )
{
int i, j;
for ( i = 0; i < HEIGHT; i++ )
{
for ( j = 0; j < WIDTH; j++ )
putchar( image[i][j] == 0 ? ' '
: image[i][j] < 128 ? '+'
: '*' );
putchar( '\n' );
}
}
int
main( int argc,
char** argv )
{
FT_Library library;
FT_Face face;
FT_GlyphSlot slot;
FT_Matrix matrix; /* transformation matrix */
FT_Vector pen; /* untransformed origin */
FT_Error error;
char* filename;
char* text;
double angle;
int target_height;
int n, num_chars;
if ( argc != 3 )
{
fprintf ( stderr, "usage: %s font sample-text\n", argv[0] );
exit( 1 );
}
filename = argv[1]; /* first argument */
text = argv[2]; /* second argument */
num_chars = strlen( text );
angle = ( 25.0 / 360 ) * 3.14159 * 2; /* use 25 degrees */
target_height = HEIGHT;
error = FT_Init_FreeType( &library ); /* initialize library */
/* error handling omitted */
error = FT_New_Face( library, filename, 0, &face );/* create face object */
/* error handling omitted */
/* use 50pt at 100dpi */
error = FT_Set_Char_Size( face, 50 * 64, 0,
100, 0 ); /* set character size */
/* error handling omitted */
slot = face->glyph;
/* set up matrix */
matrix.xx = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.xy = (FT_Fixed)(-sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yx = (FT_Fixed)( sin( angle ) * 0x10000L );
matrix.yy = (FT_Fixed)( cos( angle ) * 0x10000L );
/* the pen position in 26.6 cartesian space coordinates; */
/* start at (300,200) relative to the upper left corner */
pen.x = 300 * 64;
pen.y = ( target_height - 200 ) * 64;
for ( n = 0; n < num_chars; n++ )
{
/* set transformation */
FT_Set_Transform( face, &matrix, &pen );
/* load glyph image into the slot (erase previous one) */
error = FT_Load_Char( face, text[n], FT_LOAD_RENDER );
if ( error )
continue; /* ignore errors */
/* now, draw to our target surface (convert position) */
draw_bitmap( &slot->bitmap,
slot->bitmap_left,
target_height - slot->bitmap_top );
/* increment pen position */
pen.x += slot->advance.x;
pen.y += slot->advance.y;
}
show_image();
FT_Done_Face ( face );
FT_Done_FreeType( library );
return 0;
}
Create a new project "freetype". In the project settings change the "Output" to a static library:
Add the freetype sources to the project, and build. Do not use your "amalgamated" source file - that will destroy the library granularity and lead to excessively large code.
Add the resulting freetype.lib file to your application project. The linker will select only those modules from the library that are necessary to resolve references in your application thus keeping size to a minimum.
You may get smaller code size from including the freetype source directly in your application and using cross-module optimisation (this will work regardless of the use of separate compilation or the amalgamated file); however the build time may be excessive as it requires repeated full-builds to fully optimise. Note that unlike compiler-optimisation, cross-module optimisation does not affect the debugging experience - you can use the debugger normally even with it enabled.
EDIT :
The cross-module optimisation feature may not apply when using the GNU toolchain; it refers to the use of Keil MDK-ARM which uses ARM's RealView toolchain. Other aspects of this answer may also be applicable only to MDK-ARM.
After a long research I could find an alternate solution for the problem. I could reach at freetype amalgamate project, which one is the exact solution for this .
Here all the source files are amalgamated into two files. One ".c" file and one ".h" file. So it can be easily integrate into any other project.
Here is the link for freetype amalgamate.
Thank you.
I am on OSX Mountain Lion and am trying to retrieve a processes' name using its PID.
The following is the code I am using:
pid_t pid = 10687;
char pathBuffer [PROC_PIDPATHINFO_MAXSIZE] = "";
char nameBuffer [256] = "";
int sizeOfVal = sizeof(nameBuffer);
proc_pidpath(pid, pathBuffer, sizeof(pathBuffer));
proc_name(pid, nameBuffer, sizeof(nameBuffer));
NSLog(#"Path: %s\n Name: %s\n", pathBuffer, nameBuffer);
The code above is able to retrieve the name properly, however it only retrieves the first 15 characters and "ignores" the rest. Note this is not a problem with displaying the name, but with retrieving it. The problem is not with the rest of my application as I am testing the above code in a standalone application. Also note that I tried changing the PID, but regardless of what PID I try the code only retrieves the first 15 characters of the name. Path retrieval works perfectly.
Does anyone have any ideas about what I am doing wrong?
The function looks at the value is the struct proc_bsdshortinfo. It is limited to return a 16 byte string, or 15 readable characters when including the null terminator.
From sys/param.h:
#define MAXCOMLEN 16 /* max command name remembered */
From sys/proc_info.h:
struct proc_bsdshortinfo {
uint32_t pbsi_pid; /* process id */
uint32_t pbsi_ppid; /* process parent id */
uint32_t pbsi_pgid; /* process perp id */
uint32_t pbsi_status; /* p_stat value, SZOMB, SRUN, etc */
char pbsi_comm[MAXCOMLEN]; /* upto 16 characters of process name */
uint32_t pbsi_flags; /* 64bit; emulated etc */
uid_t pbsi_uid; /* current uid on process */
gid_t pbsi_gid; /* current gid on process */
uid_t pbsi_ruid; /* current ruid on process */
gid_t pbsi_rgid; /* current tgid on process */
uid_t pbsi_svuid; /* current svuid on process */
gid_t pbsi_svgid; /* current svgid on process */
uint32_t pbsi_rfu; /* reserved for future use*/
};
EDIT: To get around this, get the last path component:
pid_t pid = 3051;
char pathBuffer [PROC_PIDPATHINFO_MAXSIZE];
proc_pidpath(pid, pathBuffer, sizeof(pathBuffer));
char nameBuffer[256];
int position = strlen(pathBuffer);
while(position >= 0 && pathBuffer[position] != '/')
{
position--;
}
strcpy(nameBuffer, pathBuffer + position + 1);
printf("path: %s\n\nname:%s\n\n", pathBuffer, nameBuffer);