I've recently found an old TrueCrypt volume file of mine, but after an hour of trying out different passwords I haven't found the right one. I know for a fact that I used a combination of old passwords, but it would take a very long time to try all combinations by hand. I've tried different programs (such as Crunch) to construct a wordlist, but all they do is to generate combinations of every single entry in the .txt-file.
So my question is: does anyone know of a program that could combine all the entries in the file, but only in pairs of two?
For example:
String 1 = hello
String 2 = bye
output =
hellobye
byehello
Under windows, the following command will combine all combinations of two passwords into a new file, using a plain text file as input with line-seperated passwords.
for /F "tokens=*" %i in (passwords.txt) do #(
for /F "tokens=*" %j in (passwords.txt) do
#echo %i%j
)>> combinations.txt
Sample wordlist: cat list.txt
a
b
c
d
Script: cat list.py:
words = []
file = open('list.txt', 'r')
for word in file.readlines():
words.append(word.replace('\n', ''))
#i - 1 is to prevent extending past the end of the list on last try
for i in range(len(words) - 1):
#i + 1 is to prevent "wordword"
for j in range(i + 1, len(words)):
print words[i] + words[j]
print words[j] + words[i]
Output: python list.py
ab
ba
ac
ca
ad
da
bc
cb
bd
db
cd
dc
Related
How can I configure John the Ripper to generate only mangled (Jumbo) palindromes from a word-list to crack a password hash?
(I've googled it but only found "how to avoid palindromes")
in john/john.conf (for e.g. 9 and 10 letter palindromes) -append the following rules at the end:
# End of john.conf file.
# Keep this comment, and blank line above it, to make sure a john-local.conf
# that does not end with \n is properly loaded.
[List.Rules:palindromes]
f
f D5
then run john with your wordlist plus the newly created "palindromes" rules:
$ john --wordlist=wordlist.lst --rules:palindromes hashfile.hash
rule f simply appends a reflection of itself to the current word from the wordlist, e.g. P4ss! -> P4ss!!ss4P
rule f D5 not only reflects the word but then deletes the 5th character, e.g. P4ss! -> P4ss!ss4P
I haven't found a way to "delete the middle character" so as of now, the rule has to be adjusted to the required length of palindromes, e.g. f D4 for length of 7, f D6 for length of 11 etc.
Edit: Possible solution for variable length (not tested yet):
f
Mr[6
M = Memorize current word, r = Reverse the entire word , [ = Delete first character, 6 = Prepend the word saved to memory to current word
With this approach the palindromes could additionally be "turned inside out" (word from wordlist at the end of the resulting palindrome instead of at beginning)
f
Mr[6
Mr]4
M = Memorize current word, r = Reverse the entire word , ] = Delete last character, 4 = Append the word saved to memory to current word
Whenever I use read.csv.sql I cannot select from the first column with and any output from the code places an unusual character (A(tilde)-..) at the begging of the first column's name.
So suppose I create a df.csv file in in Excel that looks something like this
df = data.frame(
a = 1,
b = 2,
c = 3,
d = 4)
Then if I use sqldf to query the csv which is in my working directory I get the following error:
> read.csv.sql("df.csv", sql = "select * from file where a == 1")
Error in result_create(conn#ptr, statement) : no such column: a
If I query a different column than the first, I get a result but with the output of the unusual characters as seen below
df <- read.csv.sql("df.csv", sql = "select * from file where b == 2")
View(df)
Any idea how to prevent these characters from being added to the first column name?
The problem is presumably that you have a file that is larger than R can handle and so only want to read a subset of rows into R and specifying the condition to filter it by involves referring to the first column whose name is messed up so you can't use it.
Here are two alternative approaches. The first one involves a bit more code but has the advantage that it is 100% R. The second one is only one statement and also uses R but additionally makes use an of an external utility.
1) skip header Read the file in skipping over the header. That will cause the columns to be labelled V1, V2, etc. and use V1 in the condition.
# write out a test file - BOD is a data frame that comes with R
write.csv(BOD, "BOD.csv", row.names = FALSE, quote = FALSE)
# read file skipping over header
DF <- read.csv.sql("BOD.csv", "select * from file where V1 < 3",
skip = 1, header = FALSE)
# read in header, assign it to DF and fix first column
hdr <- read.csv.sql("BOD.csv", "select * from file limit 0")
names(DF) <- names(hdr)
names(DF)[1] <- "TIME" # suppose we want TIME instead of Time
DF
## TIME demand
## 1 1 8.3
## 2 2 10.3
2) filter Another way to proceed is to use the filter= argument. Here we assume we know that the end of the column name is ime but there are other characters prior to that that we don't know. This assumes that sed is available and on your path. If you are on Windows install Rtools to get sed. The quoting might need to be changed depending on your shell.
When trying this on Windows I noticed that sed from Rtools changed the line endings so below we specified eol= to ensure correct processing. You may not need that.
DF <- read.csv.sql("BOD.csv", "select * from file where TIME < 3",
filter = 'sed -e "1s/.*ime,/TIME,/"' , eol = "\n")
DF
## TIME demand
## 1 1 8.3
## 2 2 10.3
So I figured it out by reading through the above comments.
I'm on a Windows 10 machine using Excel for Office 365. The special characters will go away by changing how I saved the file from a "CSV UTF-8 (Comma Delimited)" to just "CSV (Comma delimited)".
Is there a way to plot a function based on values from a text file?
I know how to define a function in gnuplot and then plot it but that is not what I need.
I have a table with constants for functions that are updated regularly. When this update happens I want to be able to run a script that draws a figure with this new curve. Since there are quite few figures to draw I want to automate the procedure.
Here is an example table with constants:
location a b c
1 1 3 4
2
There are two ways I see to solve the problem but I do not know if and how they can be implemented.
I can then use awk to produce the string: f(x)=1(x)**2+3(x)+4, write it to a file and somehow make gnuplot read this new file and plot on a certain x range.
or use awk inside gnuplot something like f(x) = awk /1/ {print "f(x)="$2 etc., or use awk directly in the plot command.
I any case, I'm stuck and have not found a solution to this problem online, do you have any suggestions?
Another possibilty to have a somewhat generic version for this, you can do the following:
Assume, the parameters are stored in a file parameters.dat with the first line containing the variable names and all others the parameter sets, like
location a b c
1 1 3 4
The script file looks like this:
file = 'parameters.dat'
par_names = system('head -1 '.file)
par_cnt = words(par_names)
# which parameter set to choose
par_line_num = 2
# select the respective string
par_line = system(sprintf('head -%d ', par_line_num).file.' | tail -1')
par_string = ''
do for [i=1:par_cnt] {
eval(word(par_names, i).' = '.word(par_line, i))
}
f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c
plot f(x) title sprintf('location = %d', location)
This question (gnuplot store one number from data file into variable) had some hints for me in the first answer.
In my case I have a file which contains parameters for a parabola. I have saved the parameters in gnuplot variables. Then I plot the function containing the parameter variables for each timestep.
#!/usr/bin/gnuplot
datafile = "parabola.txt"
set terminal pngcairo size 1000,500
set xrange [-100:100]
set yrange [-100:100]
titletext(timepar, apar, cpar) = sprintf("In timestep %d we have parameter a = %f, parameter c = %f", timepar, apar, cpar)
do for [step=1:400] {
set output sprintf("parabola%04d.png", step)
# read parameters from file, where the first line is the header, thus the +1
a=system("awk '{ if (NR == " . step . "+1) printf \"%f\", $1}' " . datafile)
c=system("awk '{ if (NR == " . step . "+1) printf \"%f\", $2}' " . datafile)
# convert parameters to numeric format
a=a+0.
c=c+0.
set title titletext(step, a, c)
plot c+a*x**2
}
This gives a series of png files called parabola0001.png,
parabola0002.png,
parabola0003.png,
…, each showing a parabola with the parameters read from the file called parabola.txt. The title contains the parameters of the given time step.
For understanding the gnuplot system() function you have to know that:
stuff inside double quotes is not parsed by gnuplot
the dot is for concatenating strings in gnuplot
the double quotes for the awk printf command have to be escaped, to hide them from gnuplot parser
To test this gnuplot script, save it into a file with an arbitrary name, e.g. parabolaplot.gplot and make it executable (chmad a+x parabolaplot.gplot). The parabola.txt file can be created with
awk 'BEGIN {for (i=1; i<=1000; i++) printf "%f\t%f\n", i/200, i/100}' > parabola.txt
awk '/1/ {print "plot "$2"*x**2+"$3"*x+"$4}' | gnuplot -persist
Will select the line and plot it
This was/is another question about how to extract specific values into variables with gnuplot (maybe it would be worth to create a Wiki entry about this topic).
There is no need for using awk, you can do this simply with gnuplot only (hence platform-independent), even with gnuplot 4.6.0 (March 2012).
You can do a stats (check help stats) and assign the values to variables.
Data: SO15007620_Parameters.txt
location a b c
1 1 3 4
2 -1 2 3
3 2 1 -1
Script: (works with gnuplot 4.6.0, March 2012)
### read parameters from separate file into variables
reset
FILE = "SO15007620_Parameters.txt"
myLine = 1 # line index 0-based
stats FILE u (a=$2, b=$3, c=$4) every ::myLine::myLine nooutput
f(x) = a*x**2 + b*x + c
plot f(x) w l lc rgb "red" ti sprintf("f(x) = %gx^2 + %gx + %g", a,b,c)
### end of script
Result:
OSX v10.6.8 and Gnuplot v4.4
I have a data file with 8 columns. I would like to take the first value from the 6th column and make it the title. Here's what I have so far:
#m1 m2 q taua taue K avgPeriodRatio time
#1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
K = #read in data here
graph(n) = sprintf("K=%.2e",n)
set term aqua enhanced font "Times-Roman,18"
plot file using 1:3 title graph(K)
And here is what the first few rows of my data file looks like:
1.00e-07 1.00e-07 1.00e+00 1.00e+05 1.00e+04 1.00e+01 1.310 12070.00
1.11e-06 1.00e-07 9.02e-02 1.00e+05 1.00e+04 1.00e+01 1.310 12070.00
2.12e-06 1.00e-07 4.72e-02 1.00e+05 1.00e+04 1.00e+01 1.310 12070.00
3.13e-06 1.00e-07 3.20e-02 1.00e+05 1.00e+04 1.00e+01 1.310 12090.00
I don't know how to correctly read in the data or if this is even the right way to go about this.
EDIT #1
Ok, thanks to mgilson I now have
#m1 m2 q taua taue K avgPeriodRatio time
#1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
set term aqua enhanced font "Times-Roman,18"
K = "`head -1 datafile | awk '{print $6}'`"
print K+0
graph(n) = sprintf("K=%.2e",n)
plot file using 1:3 title graph(K)
but I get the error: Non-numeric string found where a numeric expression was expected
EDIT #2
file = "testPlot.txt"
K = "`head -1 file | awk '{print $6}'`"
K=K+0 #Cast K to a floating point number #this is line 9
graph(n) = sprintf("K=%.2e",n)
plot file using 1:3 title graph(K)
This gives the error--> head: file: No such file or directory
"testPlot.gnu", line 9: Non-numeric string found where a numeric expression was expected
You have a few options...
FIRST OPTION:
use columnheader
plot file using 1:3 title columnheader(6)
I haven't tested it, but this may prevent the first row from actually being plotted.
SECOND OPTION:
use an external utility to get the title:
TITLE="`head -1 datafile | awk '{print $6}'`"
plot 'datafile' using 1:3 title TITLE
If the variable is numeric, and you want to reformat it, in gnuplot, you can cast strings to a numeric type (integer/float) by adding 0 to them (e.g).
print "36.5"+0
Then you can format it with sprintf or gprintf as you're already doing.
It's weird that there is no float function. (int will work if you want to cast to an integer).
EDIT
The script below worked for me (when I pasted your example data into a file called "datafile"):
K = "`head -1 datafile | awk '{print $6}'`"
K=K+0 #Cast K to a floating point number
graph(n) = sprintf("K=%.2e",n)
plot "datafile" using 1:3 title graph(K)
EDIT 2 (addresses comments below)
To expand a variable in backtics, you'll need macros:
set macro
file="mydatafile.txt"
#THE ORDER OF QUOTES (' and ") IS CRUCIAL HERE.
cmd='"`head -1 ' . file . ' | awk ''{print $6}''`"'
# . is string concatenation. (this string has 3 pieces)
# to get a single quote inside a single quoted string
# you need to double. e.g. 'a''b' yields the string a'b
data=#cmd
To address your question 2, it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with shell utilities -- sed and awk can both do it. I'll show a combination of head/tail:
cmd='"`head -2 ' . file . ' | tail -1 | awk ''{print $6}''`"'
should work.
EDIT 3
I recently learned that in gnuplot, system is a function as well as a command. To do the above without all the backtic gymnastics,
data=system("head -1 " . file . " | awk '{print $6}'")
Wow, much better.
This is a very old question, but here's a nice way to get access to a single value anywhere in your data file and save it as a gnuplot-accessible variable:
set term unknown #This terminal will not attempt to plot anything
plot 'myfile.dat' index 0 every 1:1:0:0:0:0 u (var=$1):1
The index number allows you to address a particular dataset (separated by two carriage returns), while every allows you to specify a particular line.
The colon-separated numbers after every should be of the form 1:1:<line_number>:<block_number>:<line_number>:<block_number>, where the line number is the line with the the block (starting from 0), and the block number is the number of the block (separated by a single carriage return, again starting from 0). The first and second numbers say plot every 1 lines and every one data block, and the third and fourth say start from line <line_number> and block <block_number>. The fifth and sixth say where to stop. This allows you to select a single line anywhere in your data file.
The last part of the plot command assigns the value in a particular column (in this case, column 1) to your variable (var). There needs to be two values to a plot command, so I chose column 1 to plot against my variable assignment statement.
Here is a less 'awk'-ward solution which assigns the value from the first row and 6th column of the file 'Data.txt' to the variable x16.
set table
# Syntax: u 0:($0==RowIndex?(VariableName=$ColumnIndex):$ColumnIndex)
# RowIndex starts with 0, ColumnIndex starts with 1
# 'u' is an abbreviation for the 'using' modifier
plot 'Data.txt' u 0:($0==0?(x16=$6):$6)
unset table
A more general example for storing several values is given below:
# Load data from file to variable
# Gnuplot can only access the data via the "plot" command
set table
# Syntax: u 0:($0==RowIndex?(VariableName=$ColumnIndex):$ColumnIndex)
# RowIndex starts with 0, ColumnIndex starts with 1
# 'u' is an abbreviation for the 'using' modifier
# Example: Assign all values according to: xij = Data33[i,j]; i,j = 1,2,3
plot 'Data33.txt' u 0:($0==0?(x11=$1):$1),\
'' u 0:($0==0?(x12=$2):$2),\
'' u 0:($0==0?(x13=$3):$3),\
'' u 0:($0==1?(x21=$1):$1),\
'' u 0:($0==1?(x22=$2):$2),\
'' u 0:($0==1?(x23=$3):$3),\
'' u 0:($0==2?(x31=$1):$1),\
'' u 0:($0==2?(x32=$2):$2),\
'' u 0:($0==2?(x33=$3):$3)
unset table
print x11, x12, x13 # Data from first row
print x21, x22, x23 # Data from second row
print x31, x32, x33 # Data from third row
We use grep, cut, sort, uniq, and join at the command line all the time to do data analysis. They work great, although there are shortcomings. For example, you have to give column numbers to each tool. We often have wide files (many columns) and a column header that gives column names. In fact, our files look a lot like SQL tables. I'm sure there is a driver (ODBC?) that will operate on delimited text files, and some query engine that will use that driver, so we could just use SQL queries on our text files. Since doing analysis is usually ad hoc, it would have to be minimal setup to query new files (just use the files I specify in this directory) rather than declaring particular tables in some config.
Practically speaking, what's the easiest? That is, the SQL engine and driver that is easiest to set up and use to apply against text files?
David Malcolm wrote a little tool named "squeal" (formerly "show"), which allows you to use SQL-like command-line syntax to parse text files of various formats, including CSV.
An example on squeal's home page:
$ squeal "count(*)", source from /var/log/messages* group by source order by "count(*)" desc
count(*)|source |
--------+--------------------+
1633 |kernel |
1324 |NetworkManager |
98 |ntpd |
70 |avahi-daemon |
63 |dhclient |
48 |setroubleshoot |
39 |dnsmasq |
29 |nm-system-settings |
27 |bluetoothd |
14 |/usr/sbin/gpm |
13 |acpid |
10 |init |
9 |pcscd |
9 |pulseaudio |
6 |gnome-keyring-ask |
6 |gnome-keyring-daemon|
6 |gnome-session |
6 |rsyslogd |
5 |rpc.statd |
4 |vpnc |
3 |gdm-session-worker |
2 |auditd |
2 |console-kit-daemon |
2 |libvirtd |
2 |rpcbind |
1 |nm-dispatcher.action|
1 |restorecond |
q - Run SQL directly on CSV or TSV files:
https://github.com/harelba/q
Riffing off someone else's suggestion, here is a Python script for sqlite3. A little verbose, but it works.
I don't like having to completely copy the file to drop the header line, but I don't know how else to convince sqlite3's .import to skip it. I could create INSERT statements, but that seems just as bad if not worse.
Sample invocation:
$ sql.py --file foo --sql "select count(*) from data"
The code:
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Run a SQL statement on a text file"""
import os
import sys
import getopt
import tempfile
import re
class Usage(Exception):
def __init__(self, msg):
self.msg = msg
def runCmd(cmd):
if os.system(cmd):
print "Error running " + cmd
sys.exit(1)
# TODO(dan): Return actual exit code
def usage():
print >>sys.stderr, "Usage: sql.py --file file --sql sql"
def main(argv=None):
if argv is None:
argv = sys.argv
try:
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "h",
["help", "file=", "sql="])
except getopt.error, msg:
raise Usage(msg)
except Usage, err:
print >>sys.stderr, err.msg
print >>sys.stderr, "for help use --help"
return 2
filename = None
sql = None
for o, a in opts:
if o in ("-h", "--help"):
usage()
return 0
elif o in ("--file"):
filename = a
elif o in ("--sql"):
sql = a
else:
print "Found unexpected option " + o
if not filename:
print >>sys.stderr, "Must give --file"
sys.exit(1)
if not sql:
print >>sys.stderr, "Must give --sql"
sys.exit(1)
# Get the first line of the file to make a CREATE statement
#
# Copy the rest of the lines into a new file (datafile) so that
# sqlite3 can import data without header. If sqlite3 could skip
# the first line with .import, this copy would be unnecessary.
foo = open(filename)
datafile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
first = True
for line in foo.readlines():
if first:
headers = line.rstrip().split()
first = False
else:
print >>datafile, line,
datafile.flush()
#print datafile.name
#runCmd("cat %s" % datafile.name)
# Create columns with NUMERIC affinity so that if they are numbers,
# SQL queries will treat them as such.
create_statement = "CREATE TABLE data (" + ",".join(
map(lambda x: "`%s` NUMERIC" % x, headers)) + ");"
cmdfile = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
#print cmdfile.name
print >>cmdfile,create_statement
print >>cmdfile,".separator ' '"
print >>cmdfile,".import '" + datafile.name + "' data"
print >>cmdfile, sql + ";"
cmdfile.flush()
#runCmd("cat %s" % cmdfile.name)
runCmd("cat %s | sqlite3" % cmdfile.name)
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())
Maybe write a script that creates an SQLite instance (possibly in memory), imports your data from a file/stdin (accepting your data's format), runs a query, then exits?
Depending on the amount of data, performance could be acceptable.
MySQL has a CVS storage engine, that might do what you need, if your files are CSV files.
Otherwise, you can use mysqlimport to import text files into MySQL. You could create a wrapper around mysqlimport, which figures out columns etc. and creates the necessary table.
You might also be able to use DBD::AnyData, a Perl module which lets you access text files like a database.
That said, it sounds a lot like you should really look at using a database. Is it really easier keeping table-oriented data in text files?
I have used Microsoft LogParser to query csv files several times... and it serves the purpose. It was surprising to see such a useful tool from M$ that too Free!