integer that becomes 0 in a strange way - objective-c

I have an integer : (using xcode for iPhone ) .
int wordCounter=1;
Later on, when i fill arrays with it-as a pointer,in a for loop, it somehow becomes 0 after it becomes a certain number . i have checked my program many times for bugs, and i realize that i dont even have a decrement on it anywhere . i do have wordCounter++.
Now i have seen that i have many lines like this,that after them it becomes 0 :
if(tempBinary[countWords-1][j] != tempBinary[countWords][j])
so i was thinking that countWords-1 decrement it down again and again, is that possible?
i dont have any other decrement or initialization on this variable in my whole program.
i COULD see that when the tempBinary defined as size 7, it initialize at 5, and if tempBinary is 5, it zeroing on 3 ..
is it possible that the array is overflow and is zeroing it? i dont think so..
whats wrong here ?
thanks .
EDIT (one of the problematic states)
int countWords=1;
int stabilityK=0;
tempBinary[0][0]= tempBinary[0][1]=tempBinary[0][2]=tempBinary[0][3]=tempBinary[0][4]=tempBinary[0][5]=tempBinary[0][6]=tempBinary[0][7]=1 ;
for(int k=0;k<numOfBuffers;k++)
{
NSLog(#"countwords:%d",countWords-1);
float *temp=getFFT(buffersRing[k],buffersRing[k][0]);
for(int j=0;j<wordSize;j++)
{
switch(state_on_signal)
{
case WAIT_FOR_SECOND_CHANGE:
//get new word
if(temp[goodBins[j]] > decisionLine[j])
tempBinary[countWords][j]=1;
else
tempBinary[countWords][j]=0;
if(tempBinary[countWords-1][j] != tempBinary[countWords][j])
newData=1;
NSLog(#"s1: countwords:%d",countWords-1);
if(j==wordSize-1)
{
NSLog(#"s2: countwords:%d",countWords-1);
NSLog(#"PRE TEMP:%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d",tempBinary[countWords-1][0],tempBinary[countWords-1][1],tempBinary[countWords-1][2],tempBinary[countWords-1][3],tempBinary[countWords-1][4],tempBinary[countWords-1][5],tempBinary[countWords-1][6],tempBinary[countWords-1][7] );
NSLog(#"NEW TEMP-WAIT FOR SECOND CHANGE :%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d",tempBinary[countWords][0],tempBinary[countWords][1],tempBinary[countWords][2],tempBinary[countWords][3],tempBinary[countWords][4],tempBinary[countWords][5],tempBinary[countWords][6],tempBinary[countWords][7] );
NSLog(#"s3: countwords:%d",countWords-1);
//TAKE NEW DATA
if(newData==1)
{
NSLog(#" TOOK new BINARY at current k:%d, so took data at: %d",k,(k+markedK)/2);
for(int s=0;s<wordSize;s++)
{
if( getFFT(buffersRing[(k+markedK)/2],buffersRing[(k+markedK)/2][0])[goodBins[s] ] >decisionLine[s] )
binary[countWords-1][s]= 1;
else
binary[countWords-1][s]= 0;
}
NSLog(#"s4: countwords:%d",countWords-1);
NSLog(#"BINARY%d: %d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d :%d",(countWords-1), binary[(countWords-1)][0], binary[(countWords-1)][1], binary[(countWords-1)][2], binary[(countWords-1)][3], binary[(countWords-1)][4], binary[(countWords-1)][5], binary[(countWords-1)][6], binary[(countWords-1)][7],[self getDecimal:binary[countWords-1]]);
countWords++;
markedK=k;
state_on_signal=WAIT_FOR_STABILITY;
}
newData=0;
}
break;

so i was thinking that countWords-1 decrement it down again and again,
is that possible?
No
Usually this happens when you misuse a pointer and write a value to the wrong address in memory.
For example: where and how is declared tempBinary ?
As it's not possible (at least for me) to see the problem just looking at your code I'd suggest to step through your code with the debugger and see when countWords gets changed. Here lies the problem (at least one of them).

Related

Parallel Dynamic Programming with CUDA

It is my first attempt to implement recursion with CUDA. The goal is to extract all the combinations from a set of chars "12345" using the power of CUDA to parallelize dynamically the task. Here is my kernel:
__device__ char route[31] = { "_________________________"};
__device__ char init[6] = { "12345" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth) {
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
// newroute = route - idx
int x = depth * 6;
printf("%s\n", route);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<6; ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
route[i+x-o] = init[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
Recursive<<<1,newlen>>>(depth + 1);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1,5>>>(0);
}
The idea is to exclude 1 item (the item corresponding to the threadIdx) in each different thread. In each recursive call, using the variable depth, it works over a different base (variable x) on the route device variable.
I expect the kernel prompts something like:
2345_____________________
1345_____________________
1245_____________________
1234_____________________
2345_345_________________
2345_245_________________
2345_234_________________
2345_345__45_____________
2345_345__35_____________
2345_345__34_____________
..
2345_245__45_____________
..
But it prompts ...
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·2345
·2345
·2345
·2345
...
What I´m doing wrong?
What I´m doing wrong?
I may not articulate every problem with your code, but these items should get you a lot closer.
I recommend providing a complete example. In my view it is basically required by Stack Overflow, see item 1 here, note use of the word "must". Your example is missing any host code, including the original kernel call. It's only a few extra lines of code, why not include it? Sure, in this case, I can deduce what the call must have been, but why not just include it? Anyway, based on the output you indicated, it seems fairly evident the launch configuration of the host launch would have to be <<<1,1>>>.
This doesn't seem to be logical to me:
I expect the kernel prompts something like:
2345_____________________
The very first thing your kernel does is print out the route variable, before making any changes to it, so I would expect _____________________. However we can "fix" this by moving the printout to the end of the kernel.
You may be confused about what a __device__ variable is. It is a global variable, and there is only one copy of it. Therefore, when you modify it in your kernel code, every thread, in every kernel, is attempting to modify the same global variable, at the same time. That cannot possibly have orderly results, in any thread-parallel environment. I chose to "fix" this by making a local copy for each thread to work on.
You have an off-by-1 error, as well as an extent error in this loop:
for (int i = 0; i<6; ++i)
The off-by-1 error is due to the fact that you are iterating over 6 possible items (that is, i can reach a value of 5) but there are only 5 items in your init variable (the 6th item being a null terminator. The correct indexing starts out over 0-4 (with one of those being skipped). On subsequent iteration depths, its necessary to reduce this indexing extent by 1. Note that I've chosen to fix the first error here by increasing the length of init. There are other ways to fix, of course. My method inserts an extra _ between depths in the result.
You assume that at each iteration depth, the correct choice of items is the same, and in the same order, i.e. init. However this is not the case. At each depth, the choices of items must be selected not from the unchanging init variable, but from the choices passed from previous depth. Therefore we need a local, per-thread copy of init also.
A few other comments about CUDA Dynamic Parallelism (CDP). When passing pointers to data from one kernel scope to a child scope, local space pointers cannot be used. Therefore I allocate for the local copy of route from the heap, so it can be passed to child kernels. init can be deduced from route, so we can use an ordinary local variable for myinit.
You're going to quickly hit some dynamic parallelism (and perhaps memory) limits here if you continue this. I believe the total number of kernel launches for this is 5^5, which is 3125 (I'm doing this quickly, I may be mistaken). CDP has a pending launch limit of 2000 kernels by default. We're not hitting this here according to what I see, but you'll run into that sooner or later if you increase the depth or width of this operation. Furthermore, in-kernel allocations from the device heap are by default limited to 8KB. I don't seem to be hitting that limit, but probably I am, so my design should probably be modified to fix that.
Finally, in-kernel printf output is limited to the size of a particular buffer. If this technique is not already hitting that limit, it will soon if you increase the width or depth.
Here is a worked example, attempting to address the various items above. I'm not claiming it is defect free, but I think the output is closer to your expectations. Note that due to character limits on SO answers, I've truncated/excerpted some of the output.
$ cat t1639.cu
#include <stdio.h>
__device__ char route[31] = { "_________________________"};
__device__ char init[7] = { "12345_" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth, const char *oroute) {
char *nroute = (char *)malloc(31);
char myinit[7];
if (depth == 0) memcpy(myinit, init, 6);
else memcpy(myinit, oroute+(depth-1)*6, 6);
myinit[6] = 0;
if (nroute == NULL) {printf("oops\n"); return;}
memcpy(nroute, oroute, 30);
nroute[30] = 0;
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
// newroute = route - idx
int x = depth * 6;
//printf("%s\n", nroute);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<(6-depth); ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
nroute[i+x-o] = myinit[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
printf("%s\n", nroute);
Recursive<<<1,newlen>>>(depth + 1, nroute);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1,5>>>(0, route);
}
int main(){
RecursiveCount<<<1,1>>>();
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
}
$ nvcc -o t1639 t1639.cu -rdc=true -lcudadevrt -arch=sm_70
$ cuda-memcheck ./t1639
========= CUDA-MEMCHECK
2345_____________________
1345_____________________
1245_____________________
1235_____________________
1234_____________________
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========= ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors
$
The answer given by Robert Crovella is correct at the 5th point, the mistake was in the using of init in every recursive call, but I want to clarify something that can be useful for other beginners with CUDA.
I used this variable because when I tried to launch a child kernel passing a local variable I always got the exception: Error: a pointer to local memory cannot be passed to a launch as an argument.
As I´m C# expert developer I´m not used to using pointers (Ref does the low-level-work for that) so I thought there was no way to do it in CUDA/c programming.
As Robert shows in its code it is possible copying the pointer with memalloc for using it as a referable argument.
Here is a kernel simplified as an example of deep recursion.
__device__ char init[6] = { "12345" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth, const char* route) {
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
//declaration for a referable argument (point 6)
char* newroute = (char*)malloc(6);
memcpy(newroute, route, 5);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < (6 - depth); ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
newroute[i - o] = route[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
printf("%s\n", newroute);
Recursive <<<1, newlen>>>(depth + 1, newroute);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1, 5>>>(0, init);
}
I don't add the main call because I´m using ManagedCUDA for C# but as Robert says it can be figured-out how the call RecursiveCount is.
About ending arrays of char with /0 ... sorry but I don't know exactly what is the benefit; this code works fine without them.

Counter as variable in for-in-loops

When normally using a for-in-loop, the counter (in this case number) is a constant in each iteration:
for number in 1...10 {
// do something
}
This means I cannot change number in the loop:
for number in 1...10 {
if number == 5 {
++number
}
}
// doesn't compile, since the prefix operator '++' can't be performed on the constant 'number'
Is there a way to declare number as a variable, without declaring it before the loop, or using a normal for-loop (with initialization, condition and increment)?
To understand why i can’t be mutable involves knowing what for…in is shorthand for. for i in 0..<10 is expanded by the compiler to the following:
var g = (0..<10).generate()
while let i = g.next() {
// use i
}
Every time around the loop, i is a freshly declared variable, the value of unwrapping the next result from calling next on the generator.
Now, that while can be written like this:
while var i = g.next() {
// here you _can_ increment i:
if i == 5 { ++i }
}
but of course, it wouldn’t help – g.next() is still going to generate a 5 next time around the loop. The increment in the body was pointless.
Presumably for this reason, for…in doesn’t support the same var syntax for declaring it’s loop counter – it would be very confusing if you didn’t realize how it worked.
(unlike with where, where you can see what is going on – the var functionality is occasionally useful, similarly to how func f(var i) can be).
If what you want is to skip certain iterations of the loop, your better bet (without resorting to C-style for or while) is to use a generator that skips the relevant values:
// iterate over every other integer
for i in 0.stride(to: 10, by: 2) { print(i) }
// skip a specific number
for i in (0..<10).filter({ $0 != 5 }) { print(i) }
let a = ["one","two","three","four"]
// ok so this one’s a bit convoluted...
let everyOther = a.enumerate().filter { $0.0 % 2 == 0 }.map { $0.1 }.lazy
for s in everyOther {
print(s)
}
The answer is "no", and that's a good thing. Otherwise, a grossly confusing behavior like this would be possible:
for number in 1...10 {
if number == 5 {
// This does not work
number = 5000
}
println(number)
}
Imagine the confusion of someone looking at the number 5000 in the output of a loop that is supposedly bound to a range of 1 though 10, inclusive.
Moreover, what would Swift pick as the next value of 5000? Should it stop? Should it continue to the next number in the range before the assignment? Should it throw an exception on out-of-range assignment? All three choices have some validity to them, so there is no clear winner.
To avoid situations like that, Swift designers made loop variables in range loops immutable.
Update Swift 5
for var i in 0...10 {
print(i)
i+=1
}

Something weird in for loop speed

here is a part of my program code:
int test;
for(uint i = 0; i < 1700; i++) {
test++;
}
the whole program takes 0.5 seconds to finish, but when I change it to:
int test[1];
for(uint i = 0; i < 1700; i++) {
test[0]++;
}
it will takes 3.5 seconds! and when I change the int to double, it will gets very worse:
double test;
for(uint i = 0; i < 1700; i++) {
test++;
}
it will takes about 18 seconds to finish !!!
I have to increase an int array element and a double variable in my real for loop, and it will takes about 30 seconds!
What's happening here?! Why should it takes that much time for just an increment?!
I know a floating point data type like double has different structure from a fixed point data type like int, but is it the only cause for such a big different time? and what about the second example which is also an int array element?!
Thanks
You have answered your question yourself.
float (double) operations are different from integer ones. Even if you just add 1.0f.
Your second example takes longer than the first one just because you added some pointer refernces. An array in C is -bottom down- not much different from a pointer to the first element. Accessing any element, even the first one, would cause the machine code to load the starting address of the array multiply the index (0 in this case) with the length of each member (4 or whatever bytes int has) and add that (0) to the pointer. Then it has to dereference the pointer, meaning to acutally load the value at that very address. Add one and write back the result.
A smart modern compiler should optimize this a bit. When you want to avoid this optimization, then modify the code a bit and don`t use a constant for the index.
I never tried that with a modern objective-c compiler. But I guess that this code would take much loger than 3.5s to run:
int test[2];
int index = 0;
for(uint i = 0; i < 1700; i++) {
test[index]++;
}
If that does not make much of a change then try this:
-(void)foo:(int)index {
int test[2];
for(uint i = 0; i < 1700; i++) {
test[index]++;
}
}
and then call foo:0;
Give it a try and let us know :)

objective-c I can't understand why using of sprintf lead program to crash

-(void)InitWithPwd:(char *)pPwd
{
char szResult[17];
//generate md5 checksum
CC_MD5(pPwd, strlen(pPwd),&szResult[0]);
szResult[16] = 0;
m_csPasswordHash[0]=0;
for(int i = 0;i < 16;i++)
{
char sz[3] = {'\0'};
//crash in blow row. The first pass is ok. The third pass crash.
//I can't understand.
sprintf(&sz[0],"%2.2x",szResult[i]);
strcat(m_csPasswordHash,sz);
}
m_csPasswordHash[32] = 0;
printf("pass:%s\n",m_csPasswordHash);
m_ucPacketType = 1;
}
I want to get the md5 of the password. But above code crash again and again. I can't understand why.
Your buffer (sz) is too small, causing sprintf() to generate a buffer overflow which leads to undefined behavior, in your case a crash.
Note that szResult[1] might be a negative value when viewed as an int (which happens when passing a char-type value to sprintf()), which can cause sprintf() to disregard your field width and precision directives in order to format the full value.
Here is an example showing this problem. The example code is written in C, but that shouldn't matter for this case.
This solves the problem by making sure the incoming data is considered unsigned:
sprintf(sz, "%02x", (unsigned char) szResult[i]);

Realloc not expanding my array

I'm having trouble implementing realloc in a very basic way.
I'm trying to expand the region of memory at **ret, which is pointing to an array of structs
with ret = realloc(ret, newsize); and based on my debug strings I know newsize is correctly increasing over the course of the loop (going from the original size of 4 to 8 to 12 etc.), but when I do sizeof(ptr) it's still returning the original size of 4, and the things I'm trying to place into the newly allocated space can't be found (I think I've narrowed it down to realloc() which is why I'm formatting the question like this)
I can post the function in it's entirety if the problem isn't immediately evident to you, I'm just trying to not "cheat" with my homework too much (the code is kind of messy right now anyway, with heavy use of printf() for debug).
[EDIT] Alright, so based on your answers I'm failing at debugging my code, so I guess I'll post the whole function so you can tell me more about what I'm doing wrong.
(You can ignore the printf()'s since most of that is debug that isn't even working)
Booking **bookingSelectPaid(Booking **booking) {
Booking **ret = malloc(sizeof(Booking*));
printf("Initial address of ret = %p\n", ret);
size_t i = 0;
int numOfPaid = 0;
while (booking[i] != NULL)
{
if (booking[i]->paid == 1)
{
printf("Paying customer! sizeof(Booking*) = %d\n", (int)sizeof(Booking*));
++numOfPaid;
size_t newsize = sizeof(Booking*) * (numOfPaid + 1);
printf("Newsize = %d\n", (int)newsize);
Booking **temp = realloc(NULL, (size_t)newsize);
if (temp != NULL)
printf("Expansion success! => %p sizeof(new pointer) = %d ret = %p\n", temp, (int)sizeof(temp), ret);
ret = realloc(ret, newsize);
ret[i] = booking[i];
ret[i+1] = NULL;
}
++i;
printf("Sizeof(ret) = %d numOfPaid = %d\n", (int)sizeof(ret), numOfPaid);
}
return ret; }
[EDIT2] --> http://pastebin.com/xjzUBmPg
[EDIT3] Just to be clear, the printf's, the temp pointer and things of that nature are debug, and not part of the intended functionality. The line that is puzzling me is either the one with realloc(ret, newsize); or ret[i] = booking[i]
Basically I know for sure that booking contains a table of structs that ends in NULL, and I'm trying to bring the ones that have a specific value set to 1 (paid) onto the new table, which is what my main() is trying to get from this function... So where am I going wrong?
I think the problem here is that your sizeof(ptr) only returns the size of the pointer, which will depend on your architecture (you say 4, so that would mean you're running a 32-bit system).
If you allocate memory dynamically, you have to keep track of its size yourself.
Because sizeof(ptr) returns the size of the pointer, not the allocated size
Yep, sizeof(ptr) is a constant. As the other answer says, depends on the architecture. On a 32 bit architecture it will be 4 and on a 64 bit architecture it will be 8. If you need more help with questions like that this homework help web site can be great for you.
Good luck.