I am beginner in sql.I am using sqlplus to run the sql query .I used simple query but it shows an error like "MISSING RIGHT PARENTHESIS".My objective is to create the autoincrement primary key .Can anyone solve the error?Thanks in advance...
create table student(rollno int identity(1,1) primary key,
name varchar(20),marks int);
For Oracle, the rollno column could be defined as NUMBER(0010) and primary key.
Then you would need to add an ON INSERT trigger to populate rollno from a SEQUENCE. There are many samples of triggers and sequences on this site.
In oracle 12 you can use a identity column to automatically fill your ID
CREATE TABLE students
(
"ID" NUMBER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 9999999999
INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 ,
"NAME" VARCHAR2(20),
"MARKS" NUMBER(2,0),
CONSTRAINT PK_STUDENTS PRIMARY KEY (ID) ENABLE
);
/
This creates a table without any triggers needed and automatically fills the id column (of not specified with a value) with the next number up to 99999...
If you're using oracle 11 and below, you need a trigger on insert and assign a value (custom_sequence.nextval) to the id column.
CREATE TABLE students
(
"ID" NUMBER(5,0) not null,
"NAME" VARCHAR2(20),
"MARKS" NUMBER(2,0),
CONSTRAINT PK_STUDENTS PRIMARY KEY (ID) ENABLE
);
/
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_STUDENTS INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1;
/
TRIGGER TC_students
before insert on students
for each row
begin
if (:new.id is null) then
select SEQ_students.nextval into :new.id from dual;
end if;
end;
/
And please use VARCHAR2.
I'm trying to create a synthetic key with a sequence (attribute_1). Im not sure my code is working right as it's the first time i've done anything like this. I'm just looking for general pointers or tips about what im doing.
CREATE TABLE entity
(
attribute_1 INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
attribute_2 VARCHAR2(5),
attribute_3 NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5)
);
CREATE SEQUENCE attribute_1_seq
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE;
CREATE TRIGGER attribute_1_trig
BEFORE INSERT ON entity
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
SELECT attribute_1_seq.NEXTVAL INTO :new.attribute_1 FROM dual;
END;
/
Your trigger will work but what if you want to supply an ID number? Some apps will insert into a parent and use the id as a foreign key to child tables. In this case you might want to call the sequence directly so you can reuse it.
This trigger will allow you to either insert null as the primary key or supply one
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER entity_Id_TRG BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON entity
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
if inserting and :new.attribute_1 is NULL then
SELECT attribute_1_SEQ.nextval into :new.attribute_1 FROM DUAL;
end if;
END;
I'm try to create table with clever sequence generator for using this insert-strucure:
insert into SOMEUSERS (SOMEUSERS_NAME, SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD)
values ('Artem', 'PracTimPatie');
instead of this:
insert into SOMEUSERS (SOMEUSERS_ID, SOMEUSERS_NAME, SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD)
values (2, 'Artem', 'PracTimPatie');
or this structure:
insert into SOMEUSERS (SOMEUSERS_ID, SOMEUSERS_NAME, SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD)
values (GEN_ID_SOMEUSERS.nextval, 'Artem', 'PracTimPatie');
When I executing the following sql script:
create sequence gen_id_someUsers START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 NOCACHE NOCYCLE;
CREATE TABLE loc_db.someUsers
( someUsers_id number(10) DEFAULT gen_id_someUsers.NEXTVAL NOT NULL, --because of this row
someUsers_name varchar2(50) NOT NULL,
someUsers_password varchar2(50),
CONSTRAINT someUsers_pk PRIMARY KEY (someUsers_id)
);
the following notice is given to me:
Error report - SQL Error: ORA-00984: column not allowed here
00984. 00000 - "column not allowed here"
For clarity, said that in this case:
...
CREATE TABLE loc_db.someUsers
( someUsers_id number(10) NOT NULL, --correct this row
...
Sequence GEN_ID_SOMEUSERS created.
Table LOC_DB.SOMEUSERS created.
How can I configure comfortable sequence generator?
(in case of PostgreSQL too. If possible with no trigger(as easily as possible)
Oracle 12c introduces Identity columns:
CREATE TABLE SOMEUSERS (
SOMEUSERS_ID NUMBER(10) GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY
CONSTRAINT SOMEUSERS__SOMEUSERS_ID__PK PRIMARY KEY,
SOMEUSERS_NAME VARCHAR2(50)
CONSTRAINT SOMEUSERS__SOMEUSERS_NAME__NN NOT NULL,
SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD VARCHAR2(50)
);
If you want to do it in earlier versions then you will need a trigger and a sequence:
CREATE TABLE SOMEUSERS (
SOMEUSERS_ID NUMBER(10)
CONSTRAINT SOMEUSERS__SOMEUSERS_ID__PK PRIMARY KEY,
SOMEUSERS_NAME VARCHAR2(50)
CONSTRAINT SOMEUSERS__SOMEUSERS_NAME__NN NOT NULL,
SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD VARCHAR2(50)
);
/
CREATE SEQUENCE gen_id_someUsers START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 NOCACHE NOCYCLE;
/
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SOMEUSERS__ID__TRG
BEFORE INSERT ON SOMEUSERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:new.SOMEUSERS_ID := gen_id_someUsers.NEXTVAL;
END;
/
You can then just do (either with the identity column or the trigger combined with your sequence):
INSERT INTO SOMEUSERS (
SOMEUSERS_NAME,
SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD
) VALUES (
'Name',
'Password'
);
In postgres just use a serial like this:
CREATE TABLE SOMEUSERS (
SOMEUSERS_ID serial NOT NULL,
SOMEUSERS_NAME text,
SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD text
);
Your insert statement is then easy as:
INSERT INTO SOMEUSERS (SOMEUSERS_NAME, SOMEUSERS_PASSWORD)
values ('Artem', 'PracTimPatie');
If you wanna query the sequence you can just query it like any other relation.
Other answers have addressed postgreSQL and Oracle 12c, so I'll address Oracle 11.2 or earlier here.
From the 11.1 SQL Reference Manual:
DEFAULT
The DEFAULT clause lets you specify a value to be assigned to the column if a subsequent INSERT statement omits a value for the column. The datatype of the expression must match the datatype of the column. The column must also be long enough to hold this expression.
The DEFAULT expression can include any SQL function as long as the function does not return a literal argument, a column reference, or a nested function invocation.
Restriction on Default Column Values
A DEFAULT expression cannot contain references to PL/SQL functions or to other columns, the pseudocolumns CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, PRIOR, and ROWNUM, or date constants that are not fully specified.
(Emphasis mine)
So since you can't put sequence.NEXTVAL in as a DEFAULT value you're basically going to have to use a trigger:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SOMEUSERS_BI
BEFORE INSERT
ON LOC_DB.SOMEUSERS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF :NEW.SOMEUSERS_ID THEN
:NEW.SOMEUSERS_ID := GEN_ID_SOMEUSERS.NEXTVAL;
END IF;
END SOMEUSERS_BI;
In my experience there is no reliable alternative to using a trigger such as this in Oracle 11.2 or earlier.
Best of luck.
It appears that there is no concept of AUTO_INCREMENT in Oracle, up until and including version 11g.
How can I create a column that behaves like auto increment in Oracle 11g?
There is no such thing as "auto_increment" or "identity" columns in Oracle as of Oracle 11g. However, you can model it easily with a sequence and a trigger:
Table definition:
CREATE TABLE departments (
ID NUMBER(10) NOT NULL,
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL);
ALTER TABLE departments ADD (
CONSTRAINT dept_pk PRIMARY KEY (ID));
CREATE SEQUENCE dept_seq START WITH 1;
Trigger definition:
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER dept_bir
BEFORE INSERT ON departments
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SELECT dept_seq.NEXTVAL
INTO :new.id
FROM dual;
END;
/
UPDATE:
IDENTITY column is now available on Oracle 12c:
create table t1 (
c1 NUMBER GENERATED by default on null as IDENTITY,
c2 VARCHAR2(10)
);
or specify starting and increment values, also preventing any insert into the identity column (GENERATED ALWAYS) (again, Oracle 12c+ only)
create table t1 (
c1 NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS as IDENTITY(START with 1 INCREMENT by 1),
c2 VARCHAR2(10)
);
Alternatively, Oracle 12 also allows to use a sequence as a default value:
CREATE SEQUENCE dept_seq START WITH 1;
CREATE TABLE departments (
ID NUMBER(10) DEFAULT dept_seq.nextval NOT NULL,
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL);
ALTER TABLE departments ADD (
CONSTRAINT dept_pk PRIMARY KEY (ID));
SYS_GUID returns a GUID-- a globally unique ID. A SYS_GUID is a RAW(16). It does not generate an incrementing numeric value.
If you want to create an incrementing numeric key, you'll want to create a sequence.
CREATE SEQUENCE name_of_sequence
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
CACHE 100;
You would then either use that sequence in your INSERT statement
INSERT INTO name_of_table( primary_key_column, <<other columns>> )
VALUES( name_of_sequence.nextval, <<other values>> );
Or you can define a trigger that automatically populates the primary key value using the sequence
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name
BEFORE INSERT ON table_name
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SELECT name_of_sequence.nextval
INTO :new.primary_key_column
FROM dual;
END;
If you are using Oracle 11.1 or later, you can simplify the trigger a bit
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trigger_name
BEFORE INSERT ON table_name
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:new.primary_key_column := name_of_sequence.nextval;
END;
If you really want to use SYS_GUID
CREATE TABLE table_name (
primary_key_column raw(16) default sys_guid() primary key,
<<other columns>>
)
In Oracle 12c onward you could do something like,
CREATE TABLE MAPS
(
MAP_ID INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY (START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1) NOT NULL,
MAP_NAME VARCHAR(24) NOT NULL,
UNIQUE (MAP_ID, MAP_NAME)
);
And in Oracle (Pre 12c).
-- create table
CREATE TABLE MAPS
(
MAP_ID INTEGER NOT NULL ,
MAP_NAME VARCHAR(24) NOT NULL,
UNIQUE (MAP_ID, MAP_NAME)
);
-- create sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE MAPS_SEQ;
-- create tigger using the sequence
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER MAPS_TRG
BEFORE INSERT ON MAPS
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (new.MAP_ID IS NULL)
BEGIN
SELECT MAPS_SEQ.NEXTVAL
INTO :new.MAP_ID
FROM dual;
END;
/
Here are three flavors:
numeric. Simple increasing numeric value, e.g. 1,2,3,....
GUID. globally univeral identifier, as a RAW datatype.
GUID (string). Same as above, but as a string which might be easier to handle in some languages.
x is the identity column. Substitute FOO with your table name in each of the examples.
-- numerical identity, e.g. 1,2,3...
create table FOO (
x number primary key
);
create sequence FOO_seq;
create or replace trigger FOO_trg
before insert on FOO
for each row
begin
select FOO_seq.nextval into :new.x from dual;
end;
/
-- GUID identity, e.g. 7CFF0C304187716EE040488AA1F9749A
-- use the commented out lines if you prefer RAW over VARCHAR2.
create table FOO (
x varchar(32) primary key -- string version
-- x raw(32) primary key -- raw version
);
create or replace trigger FOO_trg
before insert on FOO
for each row
begin
select cast(sys_guid() as varchar2(32)) into :new.x from dual; -- string version
-- select sys_guid() into :new.x from dual; -- raw version
end;
/
update:
Oracle 12c introduces these two variants that don't depend on triggers:
create table mytable(id number default mysequence.nextval);
create table mytable(id number generated as identity);
The first one uses a sequence in the traditional way; the second manages the value internally.
Oracle Database 12c introduced Identity, an auto-incremental (system-generated) column.
In the previous database versions (until 11g), you usually implement an Identity by creating a Sequence and a Trigger.
From 12c onward, you can create your own Table and define the column that has to be generated as an Identity.
Assuming you mean a column like the SQL Server identity column?
In Oracle, you use a SEQUENCE to achieve the same functionality. I'll see if I can find a good link and post it here.
Update: looks like you found it yourself. Here is the link anyway:
http://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/sequences.php
Trigger and Sequence can be used when you want serialized number that anyone can easily read/remember/understand. But if you don't want to manage ID Column (like emp_id) by this way, and value of this column is not much considerable, you can use SYS_GUID() at Table Creation to get Auto Increment like this.
CREATE TABLE <table_name>
(emp_id RAW(16) DEFAULT SYS_GUID() PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR2(30));
Now your emp_id column will accept "globally unique identifier value".
you can insert value in table by ignoring emp_id column like this.
INSERT INTO <table_name> (name) VALUES ('name value');
So, it will insert unique value to your emp_id Column.
Starting with Oracle 12c there is support for Identity columns in one of two ways:
Sequence + Table - In this solution you still create a sequence as you normally would, then you use the following DDL:
CREATE TABLE MyTable
(ID NUMBER DEFAULT MyTable_Seq.NEXTVAL,
...)
Table Only - In this solution no sequence is explicitly specified. You would use the following DDL:
CREATE TABLE MyTable (ID NUMBER GENERATED AS IDENTITY, ...)
If you use the first way it is backward compatible with the existing way of doing things. The second is a little more straightforward and is more inline with the rest of the RDMS systems out there.
it is called Identity Columns and it is available only from oracle Oracle 12c
CREATE TABLE identity_test_tab
(
id NUMBER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY,
description VARCHAR2 (30)
);
example of insert into Identity Columns as below
INSERT INTO identity_test_tab (description) VALUES ('Just DESCRIPTION');
1 row created.
you can NOT do insert like below
INSERT INTO identity_test_tab (id, description) VALUES (NULL, 'ID=NULL and DESCRIPTION');
ERROR at line 1: ORA-32795: cannot insert into a generated always
identity column
INSERT INTO identity_test_tab (id, description) VALUES (999, 'ID=999 and DESCRIPTION');
ERROR at line 1: ORA-32795: cannot insert into a generated always
identity column
useful link
Here is complete solution w.r.t exception/error handling for auto increment, this solution is backward compatible and will work on 11g & 12c, specifically if application is in production.
Please replace 'TABLE_NAME' with your appropriate table name
--checking if table already exisits
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME';
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN NULL;
END;
/
--creating table
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (
ID NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
.
.
.
);
--checking if sequence already exists
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP SEQUENCE TABLE_NAME_SEQ';
EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN NULL;
END;
--creating sequence
/
CREATE SEQUENCE TABLE_NAME_SEQ START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 MINVALUE 1 NOMAXVALUE NOCYCLE CACHE 2;
--granting rights as per required user group
/
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE_NAME TO USER_GROUP;
-- creating trigger
/
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TABLE_NAME_TS BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON TABLE_NAME FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
-- auto increment column
SELECT TABLE_NAME_SEQ.NextVal INTO :New.ID FROM dual;
-- You can also put some other required default data as per need of your columns, for example
SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'SESSIONID') INTO :New.SessionID FROM dual;
SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SERVER_HOST') INTO :New.HostName FROM dual;
SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','OS_USER') INTO :New.LoginID FROM dual;
.
.
.
END;
/
Query to create auto increment in oracle. In below query incrmnt column value will be auto incremented wheneever a new row is inserted
CREATE TABLE table1(
id RAW(16) NOT NULL ENABLE,
incrmnt NUMBER(10,0) GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY
MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 999999999999999999999999999 INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 NOORDER NOCYCLE NOT NULL ENABLE,
CONSTRAINT PK_table1 PRIMARY KEY (id) ENABLE);
This is how I did this on an existing table and column (named id):
UPDATE table SET id=ROWNUM;
DECLARE
maxval NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT MAX(id) INTO maxval FROM table;
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'DROP SEQUENCE table_seq';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'CREATE SEQUENCE table_seq START WITH '|| TO_CHAR(TO_NUMBER(maxval)+1) ||' INCREMENT BY 1 NOMAXVALUE';
END;
CREATE TRIGGER table_trigger
BEFORE INSERT ON table
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:new.id := table_seq.NEXTVAL;
END;
FUNCTION GETUNIQUEID_2 RETURN VARCHAR2
AS
v_curr_id NUMBER;
v_inc NUMBER;
v_next_val NUMBER;
pragma autonomous_transaction;
begin
CREATE SEQUENCE sequnce
START WITH YYMMDD0000000001
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE
select sequence.nextval into v_curr_id from dual;
if(substr(v_curr_id,0,6)= to_char(sysdate,'yymmdd')) then
v_next_val := to_number(to_char(SYSDATE+1, 'yymmdd') || '0000000000');
v_inc := v_next_val - v_curr_id;
execute immediate ' alter sequence sequence increment by ' || v_inc ;
select sequence.nextval into v_curr_id from dual;
execute immediate ' alter sequence sequence increment by 1';
else
dbms_output.put_line('exception : file not found');
end if;
RETURN 'ID'||v_curr_id;
END;
FUNCTION UNIQUE2(
seq IN NUMBER
) RETURN VARCHAR2
AS
i NUMBER := seq;
s VARCHAR2(9);
r NUMBER(2,0);
BEGIN
WHILE i > 0 LOOP
r := MOD( i, 36 );
i := ( i - r ) / 36;
IF ( r < 10 ) THEN
s := TO_CHAR(r) || s;
ELSE
s := CHR( 55 + r ) || s;
END IF;
END LOOP;
RETURN 'ID'||LPAD( s, 14, '0' );
END;
Creating a Sequence:
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_CM_LC_FINAL_STATUS
MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 999999999999999999999999999
INCREMENT BY 1 START WITH 1 CACHE 20 NOORDER NOCYCLE;
Adding a Trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER CM_LC_FINAL_STATUS_TRIGGER
BEFORE INSERT
ON CM_LC_FINAL_STATUS
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
:NEW.LC_FINAL_STATUS_NO := SEQ_CM_LC_FINAL_STATUS.NEXTVAL;
END;
The first step is to create a SEQUENCE in your database, which is a data object that multiple users can access to automatically generate incremented values. As discussed in the documentation, a sequence in Oracle prevents duplicate values from being created simultaneously because multiple users are effectively forced to “take turns” before each sequential item is generated. –
Finally, we’ll create our SEQUENCE that will be utilized later to actually generate the unique, auto incremented value. –
While we have our table created and ready to go, our sequence is thus far just sitting there but never being put to use. This is where TRIGGERS come in. Similar to an event in modern programming languages, a TRIGGER in Oracle is a stored procedure that is executed when a particular event occurs. Typically a TRIGGER will be configured to fire when a table is updated or a record is deleted, providing a bit of cleanup when necessary. –
In our case, we want to execute our TRIGGER prior to INSERT into our CM_LC_FINAL_STATUS table, ensuring our SEQUENCE is incremented and that new value is passed onto our primary key column.
create trigger t1_trigger
before insert on AUDITLOGS
for each row
begin
select t1_seq.nextval into :new.id from dual;
end;
only I have to just change the table name (AUDITLOGS) with your table name and new.id with new.column_name
oracle has sequences AND identity columns in 12c
http://www.oracle-base.com/articles/12c/identity-columns-in-oracle-12cr1.php#identity-columns
I found this but not sure what rdb 7 is
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/products/rdb/0307-identity-columns-128126.pdf
Maybe just try this simple script:
http://www.hlavaj.sk/ai.php
Result is:
CREATE SEQUENCE TABLE_PK_SEQ;
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER TR_SEQ_TABLE BEFORE INSERT ON TABLE FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
SELECT TABLE_PK_SEQ.NEXTVAL
INTO :new.PK
FROM dual;
END;
In PostgreSql, one can define a sequence and use it as the primary key of a table. In HsqlDB, one can still accomplish creating an auto-increment identity column which doesn't link to any user defined sequence. Is it possible to use a user defined sequence as the generator of an auto-increment identity column in HsqlDB?
Sample sql in PostgreSql:
CREATE SEQUENCE seq_company_id START WITH 1;
CREATE TABLE company (
id bigint PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT nextval('seq_company_id'),
name varchar(128) NOT NULL CHECK (name <> '')
);
What's the equivalent in HsqlDB?
Thanks.
In version 2.0, there is no direct feature for this. You can define a BEFORE INSERT trigger on the table to do this:
CREATE TABLE company ( id bigint PRIMARY KEY, name varchar(128) NOT NULL CHECK (name <> '') );
CREATE TRIGGER trigg BEFORE INSERT
ON company REFERENCING NEW ROW AS newrow
FOR EACH ROW
SET newrow.id = NEXT VALUE FOR seq_company_id;
and insert without using any vlue for id
INSERT INTO company VALUES null, 'test'
Update for HSQLDB 2.1 and later: A feature has been added to support this.
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQU
CREATE TABLE company ( id bigint GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS SEQUENCE SEQU PRIMARY KEY, name varchar(128) NOT NULL CHECK (name <> '') );
See the Guide under CREATE TABLE http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/databaseobjects-chapt.html#dbc_table_creation
In addition, 2.1 and later has a PostgreSQL compatibility mode in which it accepts the PostgreSQL CREATE TABLE statement that references the sequence in the DEFAULT clause and translates it to HSQLDB syntax.