when i was trying to build my project in MPLAB,i got this Build error message..
Clean: Deleting intermediary and output files.
Clean: Deleted file "M:\12 CCP PWM\12 CCP PWM.o".
Clean: Done.
Executing: "C:\MCC18\bin\mcc18.exe" -p=18F46K20 "12 CCP PWM.c" -fo="12 CCP PWM.o" -Ou- -Ot- -Ob- -Op- -Or- -Od- -Opa-
MPLAB C18 v3.20 (feature limited)
Copyright 1999-2005 Microchip Technology Inc.
This version of MPLAB C18 does not support the extended mode
and will not perform all optimizations. To purchase a full
copy of MPLAB C18, please contact your local distributor or
visit buy.microchip.com.
Executing: "C:\MCC18\bin\mplink.exe" /l"C:\MCC18\lib" "C:\MCC18\lkr\18f46k20i.lkr" "12 CCP PWM.o" /u_CRUNTIME /o"12 CCP PWM.cof" /M"12 CCP PWM.map" /W
MPLINK 4.20, Linker
Copyright (c) 2008 Microchip Technology Inc.
Error - could not find definition of symbol 'main' in file 'C:\MCC18\lib/c018i.o'.
Errors : 1
Link step failed.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Release build of project `M:\12 CCP PWM\12 CCP PWM.mcp' failed.
Thu Apr 16 14:34:41 2009
----------------------------------------------------------------------
BUILD FAILED
I have checked that the path to the linker library was correct.I suspect it has something to do with my source code...Any helps are very much appreciated.
Here is my source code.. http://cl1p.net/mplabc18
The compiler may be looking for a different definition of main. I have seen this in some PIC code:
// Main application entry point.
#ifdef __C30__
int main(void)
#else
void main(void)
#endif
{ ... }
It is a good idea to add the specific linker file to your project. If you are using MPLAB, under the workspace, right click on linker files and add the linker file from mcc16\lkr folder for the specific processor.
Clean and Re-compile the solution
The only thing that stood out to me in your source file is this part of the ISR declaration:
#pragma code InterruptVectorLow = 0x18
The user guide of the compiler you're using states this should be:
#pragma code low_vector=0x18
Since this declaration is just before your main function it might be giving you trouble.
Edit:
None of the presented solutions seem to work so I have just copy-pasted your code into a new MPLAB project, set up for the PIC18F46K20 device. It compiles just fine with the MCC18 compiler. The only thing that's missing from the project is the "12 CCP PWM.h" header file (which I do not have). So either there's something wrong with your header file, there's something wrong with your project setup, or the fact that I'm using MCC18 3.30 instead of 3.20 is the problem.
code compiles fine for me (C18 3.30 full)
i've had MPLAB flake out a bit on me especially on large source trees, many times a reboot has solved it, absolutely no idea why, tried everything else and it was the only way to get mplab to reset.
Personally I would not strain the corners of the implementation by having source file names with several spaces in, particularly with an embedded toolchain!
But it seems like they're making a reasonable effort to add all the double-quotes, so maybe that's not a real problem.
Do you actually have a 'main' function in your code, and if so, exactly how is it defined?
I use a third-party compiler, so I can't offer any specific experience on that. But one thing I may suspect is that something in the code is causing the compilation to stop partway through. This can be an unterminated comment, or a function with a closing brace missing. Consider especially the #included files, because you can't see the effects in your editor when you look at the main file, and particularly check any #includes that you have written yourself. And at the top of the list is, "what did you change last"?
What I do at this point is make a branch copy, and start mercilessly hacking out huge blocks of code, just to see when the error goes away. Divide and conquer. Of course, this can be time consuming, so I'd probably ask on StackOverflow, first :)
It's been a while, but I saw that you used a pragma to define the location of the interrupt handler before you created the function, might you need to do the same thing with main()?
It might be handled in the .h file - I'm not sure. I only ever used ASM on the PICs and I explicitly handled everything (ie, at 0x000 jump to main; at the interrupt vector address jump to this memory address; at main address do these things, etc). 'main' for me was defined to be an available address in the code section (which I see you've done, started the code section then defined main) but I believe I had to explicitly define that 'main' was to start at a memory address in the code section. Again, it was ASM, but I wouldn't doubt that you need to do something similar - a pragma to define main as main.
If c018i.o contains the reset vector, and it refers to the function main by name, then the issue could be that main needs a prototype - even in the same file as the function itself, so the linker can pick this up and put main in its list of functions.
So, try inserting:
void main (void);
immediately above the main function.
Related
I am working on making a pretty trivial change to an old existing pascal source file. I have the source code, but need to generate a new hex file with my changes.
First, I tried compiling with "Embedded Pascal", which is the program used by my predecessor. Unfortunately, it is an unregistered copy and gives the message that the file is too large for the unregistered version. Support for and even the homepage for the project has disappeared (old), so I have no idea how I would register.
I tried a couple other compilers, "Free Pascal" and "Turbo51", and they are both giving similar errors:
Filename.pas (79): Error 36: BEGIN expected.
Linkcode $2E
^
The source code begins with
Linkcode $2E
LinkData $0A // normally 8 - make room for capacitance data
Program Main; Vector LongJmp Startup_Vector; //This inserts the start to the main routine.
uses IntLib;
I'm not well-versed in Pascal or embedded programming, but as I understand it, the Linkcode and LinkData lines are required to set up the RAM as needed. Following the "Const" and "var" declarations are subroutines that indeed start with procedure... begin... end.
I realize that Pascal is a bit out of date, but we are stuck with it and our old micro. Any ideas why previously working source code with trivial changes cannot be compiled? I am willing to consider other compilers, including paid options, if any are available with decent support. I am using Windows 10 x64 processor to compile, and flashing to an Atmel 89C51RC2.
If more source code is needed for diagnosis, please let me know what in particular, as I'll need to change some proprietary information before posting. Thanks!
Statements like linkcode and linkdata are not general, but target and compiler specific. Unless you have the know-how to reengineer to a different compiler, getting the original one is best.
Thanks to all for the information. While I didn't find an exact solution here, your comments were helpful for me to understand just how compiler-specific the Pascal code was.
In the end, I was able to get into my predecessors files and transfer registration, solving the issue for now. As suggested, I think I will port to C in the future to avoid fighting all the unsupported compiler nonsense.
I'm a newly graduated electronics engineer and one of my first tasks in my new job is to import a code to Mbed compiler.
I'm trying to run the Mbed Blinky example on my custom hardware with LPC1769 chip. I've exported the Blinky app to GNU Eclipse from the Online MBED compiler and imported it to the IDE.
The Mbed blinky code runs fine when I set the appropriate led pin(changing LED1 in the PinNames.h from 1.10 to 2.13 for my hardware) and flash it directly. So MBed and my custom HW isn't problematic. However, my firm has a custom bootloader and it's required to use it with any application. The custom bootloader requires that I start the program beginning from 0x4000.
For this my firm was previously adding this line to their code, flashing the bootloader and uploading the IDE's output .bin file to the board with a custom FW loading program.
SCB->VTOR = (0x4000) & 0x1FFFFF80;
When I try to follow the same steps, compiler builds without any complaints, but I see no blinks when I upload the program to my bootloader.
I'm suspecting I have to make some changes to the built-in CMSIS library, and/or the startup_LPC17XX.o and system_LPC17xx.o files come with the MBED export, but I'm confused. Any help would be much appreciated.
Also, I'm using the automatically built make file, in case there's any wonders.
Most importantly, you need to adjust the code location in the linker script, for example:
MEMORY {
FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x4000, LENGTH = 0x7C000
}
Check the startup code and linker script for any further absolute addresses in flash memory.
Adjusting the VTOR is required for interrupts, if the bootloader doesn't already do that. The & operation looks weird; it should be sufficient to simply write 0x4000, or, even better, something like:
SCB->VTOR = (uint32_t) &_IsrVector;
Assuming you have defined _IsrVector in your linker script or startup code to refer to the very first byte in the vector table, i.e. the definition of the initial stack pointer. This way you don't have to adjust the code if the memory layout is changed in the linker script, and you avoid magic numbers.
I am working with an iOS project that uses
#if defined (FREE_VERSION)
The project has two targets, each of a free and paid version. If I run the free, the code under the above statement fires, and if I run the paid, the "else" code fires. That's all as expected.
But when I search the project for "FREE_VERSION" or "#defined", I get no results (other than the "#if defined" statements). So where might FREE_VERSION be defined?
I'm not very familiar with pre-processor directives and #define, so I may not be using the right terminology here. But, any help would be appreciated!
With defines like this, I assume you will find it in project settings -> build settings -> preprocessing.
The idea behind it is that you have several schemes/build targets which behave differently and you don't have to change code to setup your build, you just switch between schemes/targets.
DEBUG is an example of a similar macro, which is defined by default for Debug configuration.
That's up to you to #define it somewhere. You could have a constants header file and define it there.
In free version:
Global.h:
#define FREE_VERSION
Then you can comment it out later when compiling paid version.
After a search here on the forum I found a question like that, and it redirected me to a tutorial which gave em some basic instructions on manipulating SpringBoard with CapitainHook.
To start I'd like to do it with normal %hooks only. Any hint where I could start?
This little introduction is meant for whoever has a minimal knowledge on Objective-C and knows what he is doing.
NOTE: I will refer to the theos install path as $THEOS. This could be ~/theos, /var/theos, /usr/theos... Yeah.
The most popular way of creating MobileSubstrate extensions, also known as tweaks, is using Dustin Howett's theos build suite. Details follow:
What is theos?
So, we should start with what theos is not:
The Operating System
A Greek God
A compiler
And of course, what theos doesn't do:
Teaches you how to code.
Creates tweaks without having you to think
Sets up a whole building environment and/or installs the iOS SDK.
Theos is a cross-platform suite of development tools for managing, developing, and deploying iOS software without the use of Xcode, featuring:
A robust build system driven by GNU Make, which makes its Makefiles easily deployable through everywhere with theos installed too.
NIC, a project templating system which creates ready-to-build empty projects for varying purposes.
Logos, a built-in preprocessor-based library of directives designed to make MobileSubstrate extension development easy and with optimal code generation.
Automated packaging: Theos is capable of directly creating DEB packages for distribution in Cydia, the most popular mean of package distribution in the jailbreak scene.
How to install theos?
On OSX: Have the iOS SDK installed and follow these instructions.
On iOS: Install the BigBoss Recommended Tools package from Cydia and run installtheos3.
On Linux: Find a mean to have the toolchain installed, and follow these instructions.
On Windows: Nothing is impossible, but if you actually manage to do so, please let me know. :P
How to use theos?
This is a very asked question and too vague. Since theos is a whole suite of development tools, it doesn't make sense to ask How to use it, but more specifically, to ask How to create software using theos.
First of all, always have the Theos Makefile Reference in hand. It covers the basics of creating a theos Makefile, and that includes solving your linking issues adding a framework or private framework to the project.
Now, you can either create your own Makefile from scratch, create your little theos clone/symlink and start coding, but theos makes this step easier. You can just use nic.pl.
A very simple example of running NIC to create something can be found here. It's very straight-forward and sets you up right-away for programming.
Now, here's where we start getting back to topic.
Creating a tweak with theos
First of all, do not run NIC when inside $THEOS/bin. NIC will create the project directory exactly where you're running it from, and it avoids any project being created in $THEOS/bin. Therefore, you'll end up with a simple error which can be avoided by creating the project directory somewhere decent.
Run $THEOS/bin/nic.pl and choose the iphone/tweak template. You will be prompted by simple information which you may well know well how to answer, except for the last field: MobileSubstrate bundle filter.
Since a big part of MobileSubstrate is not just the hooker (the library which switches original methods/functions with yours), but also the loader (the part which gets your hooking to be inserted into certain processes), you have to supply this basic information for the Loader to know where to load your tweak. This field is but the bundle identifier for the application where this project will be inserted.
com.apple.springboard, the default option is the bundle identifier for SpringBoard, the application which is:
The iOS Homescreen
The launcher/displayer of common applications
The iOS Status Bar
Handler of some high-level essential background processes
Therefore, there's where many tweaks take place, altering behavior from something as trivial as app launching to something like how the whole homescreen UI looks like.
Programming a tweak with Logos
Now, the directory generated by NIC will contain:
The Theos Makefile, where you'll change information related to compiling
The control file, where you'll change packaging-related information
A symbolic link (or shortcut) to $THEOS named theos/
The main code file, defaulted as Tweak.xm. It is already added to the Makefile for compiling, so you can start coding right-away with it!
On knowing what to do
Now, you don't have SpringBoard's source code laying around, and you can't guess what methods to hook from nowhere. Therefore, you need a SpringBoard header set. For that, you need to use a tool named class-dump-z and run it into the SpringBoard binary (which is inside the iOS filesystem) to obtain header files including all class declarations and its methods inside the application.
From that (a deal of guessing and logging a method call is involved) you can start messing around with what you want in a tweak.
Of course, if you are not hooking SpringBoard you can use class-dump-z as you would in other binaries, such as UIKit, MobileSafari, etc.
Note that for when reversing App Store apps, they'll be encrypted. You'll need to decrypt those (I am unfortunately not allowed to tell you how-to), and then just run class-dump-z on them.
On obtaining private headers
Stuff like preference bundles require the headers for private frameworks, in that case the Preferences framework's headers. Else you'll get endless missing declaration errors (as I guess you could assume).
Getting them has the same logic applied the previous step. Run class-dump-z on, at this case, the Preferences binary and throw the headers at your INCLUDEPATH. The INCLUDEPATH is where the compiler will go looking for headers you include like #include <stdio.h>. Yes, stdio.h is inside one of the directories which build a compiler's INCLUDEPATH!
When compiling with a theos Makefile, $THEOS/include counts as part of your INCLUDEPATH, which means, you can just throw your dumped headers over there and include them later.
(Note that class-dumped headers aren't always perfect, so you're likely to have a couple of header-related compilation errors which can be easily fixed with something like removing a #import directive or changing it, or adding a couple of declarations.)
Code tips
You can't link against SpringBoard, so whenever you require a class from SpringBoard you have to use either the Logos %c directive or the objc_getClass function, as defined at <objc/runtime.h> to get it. Example: [%c(SBUIController) sharedInstance], [objc_getClass("SBUIController") sharedInstance].
When not knowing what a method does or how something works in SpringBoard, try disassembling it with IDA or others. I use IDA Demo (<- noob!) for my disassembling.
Looking at example code is amazingly helpful for both learning and figuring out how something works inside SpringBoard or others (again..). Great people at GitHub to have a projects looked at are rpetrich, chpwn, DHowett, EvilPenguin, and of course way more.
To also find about how SpringBoard and other works (...), have a look at a class's article at the iPhone Dev Wiki!
Epilogue
Wait, where's the good part? Where do I learn about coding in Tweak.xm?
Well, the original question was actually How to start MobileSubstrate tweaks programming?. You're all setup, hopefully with all headers placed, ready to type in make and see your project magically compiled with theos.
All you need to do is now to actually dig into your headers or your disassembly and go hooking, calling, etc.!
Logos Reference contains exactly how to hook and use other features of Logos, and the MobileSubstrate article on the devwiki is also a great read.
In case there is any doubt, don't hesitate joining the irc.saurik.com #theos IRC channel. It's a great way to discuss theos-related topics and ask questions. I'm mostly there, along with other greatly smart people ;)
You are looking for Theos created by DHowett.. Theos allows you to make tweaks, but it doesn't give you everything you need. You don't get every header for iOS, so you have to class-dump-z the frameworks/private-frameworks from the iOS SDK. Get started here: http://iphonedevwiki.net/index.php/Theos/Getting_Started, or join irc.saurik.net #theos for more help. You can also look at my projects that use theos: https://github.com/evilpenguin
You sound like you're looking for theos. Take a look at this, it should help get you started.
I'm getting a "Compilation exited with code 134" when attempting to use the "LLVM Optimizing Compiler" switch for release iPhone builds, using MonoTouch 4.0.1.
I don't get much information from build output window at all - just:
"Compilation exited with code 134, command:"
MONO_PATH=(snip)/bin/iPhone/Release/LSiOS.app /Developer/MonoTouch/usr/bin/arm-darwin-mono --llvm --aot=mtriple=armv7-darwin,nimt-trampolines=2048,full,static,asmonly,nodebug,llvm-path=/Developer/MonoTouch/LLVM/bin/,outfile=/var/folders/03/033pAAGuHgGkIy4CorbVV++++TI/-Tmp-/tmp38107451.tmp/Newtonsoft.Json.MonoTouch.dll.7.s "(snip)/bin/iPhone/Release/LSiOS.app/Newtonsoft.Json.MonoTouch.dll"
Mono Ahead of Time compiler - compiling assembly (snip)/mscorlib.dll
What is odd is that in earlier command lines, there is a correlation between the DLL mentioned in the arm-darwin-mono command line and what is the compiling, but in this case it says "mscorlib.dll".
Any thoughts?
I have found a few cases (googling and from bugzilla.xamarin.com) where the error code 134 is related to Mono.Linker being too aggressive (removing something that's needed).
This is easy to confirm by turning off the linker, i.e. "Don't link" in Linker Options. If the build works then you can try isolating the assembly where the linker makes a mistake.
E.g. add a "--linkskip=mscorlib" to the mtouch extra parameters and re-enable linking. This will link everything (Link All) or all SDK (Link SDK assemblies) except the assembly you selected (mscorlib in the example). That's only a workaround and a bug report should be filled so the issue can be fixed properly (and get you all the linker advantages).
However be warned that there are other issues sharing the same error code, like:
http://ios.xamarin.com/Documentation/Troubleshoot#Error_134.3a_mtouch_failed_with_the_following_message.3a
YMMV
mtouch does its native builds in parallel so the logs can be confusing, e.g. you can see a bit of assembly X output followed by some assembly Y output.
Reading the full log might help you (or us) to pinpoint the issue.
I was having the exact same problem Scolestock. My app would build fine until I enabled llvm, then it was "Compilation exited with code 134, command" when trying to build the 7s for the app itself.
I'm elated to say that after 2 days of painstakingly whittling my app down to the core problem, I was able to isolate the issue to the usage of embedded dictionaries such as:
Dictionary<enum, Dictionary<enum, value>>
I was able to fix this by defining a class for the embedded dictionary and using that instead:
public class MyDefinition : Dictionary<enum, value>
{
}
...
public Dictionary<enum, MyDefinition>
Not sure if this will help you, but hopefully it'll help some poor soul who decides to use embedded dictionaries and runs into my same problem.