I'm trying to update a software system to JDK-11 using modules, and everything was going just fine right up until I slammed head-on into the aforementioned issue.
I have a legacy signed JAR that I need to incorporate for interaction with legacy systems. There's no way to update the JAR and no way to get a new version. The JAR must be signed in order to be usable (the whole "trusted code" deal and whatnot). The problem is that the JAR contains classes in the unnamed (root) package. Yeah. Stupid. Bad practice. Blablabla. It's still there, and I still need to use it.
I've not found any documentation or answers anywhere that would remotely suggest that what I need is possible. In fact, the opposite is true: everyone is adamant that in the "new"(ish) module system, no class may reside in the unnamed package.
Needless to say I'm unable to both modify the contents of the JAR, or get at the sources to render a new one - that's without even considering the issue of the signature...
That said: I refuse to believe the folks at Oracle would leave such a glaring oversight with regards to legacy code. As we all know, a lot of the time we have no choice but to use it for legitimate reasons, and we can't do anything to fix/update/refactor/etc... I would have hoped there was a mechanism added to the module system to support this, albeit for extreme cases only, etc...etc...
Disclaimer: I do fully understand why this isn't meant to be supported. What I'm having a hard time with is the lack of a workaround...
Thanks!
I've already tried:
creating a facade module that transitively adds the offending module (obviously no dice, same problem)
unpacking-and-repacking the module while temporarily disabling signature validation in a test env (fails because the class is apparently referenced within many other, properly-organized classes)
finding an updated module (no luck here, either)
beheading a chicken and roasting it over a pentagram while invoking the aid of ancient pagan gods (tasty, but didn't fix it)
curling up in a ball under my desk and weeping until execution succeeds (that's where I'm typing this from)...
I didn't find any explanation in the reference, but when I type impl in IntelliJ IDEA, I get an error:
It seems that it's treated as a reserved word, but what's it for?
I tried putting many kinds of stuffs after impl but I get the error every time.
Update: It's renamed to expect after Kotlin 1.2.
It's for future multiplatform project support, and it's the pair of the header keyword which #hotkey explained in their comment here. It appeared in one of Andrey Breslav's presentations which you can find here, this specific topic starts at the 14:25 mark.
To sum it up briefly, the basic idea he presents is that you could have a common module shared between your platforms, in which there are some functions that are declared but not implemented, and are marked with the header keyword. Then, for the different platforms (JVM, JS, etc) you could have separate modules that implement these functions in platform specific ways - these actual implementations are where the impl keyword would be used.
He says that this whole system is just an internal prototype for now, so this presentation is probably all the public info we have about it. I'd also be interested in more details about this mechanism though :)
Update: as of the Kotlin 1.2 Beta, these keywords have been now replaced with expect and actual.
My knowledge of interpreter based languages is that for every time we change the code we don't need to compile it. Compilation will be done at the time of actual execution only. Then why does most of the scripting languages use interpreter's when we usually write script to automate something which we usually doesn't modify.
All the answers seems to be unrelevant of what i was expecting. So let me phrase my question in this way.
Pure interpreter based language : which compiles and executes the code line by line, everytime we execute the code(as of my knowledge).
Then why does scripting languages were developed interpreter based(NOT combination of compiler and interpreter), when we usually execute the same script file everytime(without changing the source code). It would be better if they make it compiler based(or even combination of compiler and interpreter) so that we can compile it once and execute any number of times.
Do not confuse unrelated things together. Firstly, distinguish between a language and its implememntation. A language is given by its syntax + its semantics. A "computer" language (actually, a formally defined language) can be used to express things, such as algorithms, even if there is no known implementation of the invented and described language.
But in practice, the syntax specification is usually done by writing a parser (eg. using yacc) that can be understood by a machine, and semantics specification is done by writing code to be executed upon encoutering particular keywords and other semantic signs. In this way, a typical language creator performs the language specification by writing its first implementation, which then becomes an implicit standard for the language. People do it this way because it's simple, and because if you invent a language and merely publish it as a theoretical paper in a computer science journal, it is not guaranteed that anyone will bother to write its implementation for you.
This doesn't mean that the implementation provided by the language author is the only possible. If the language is well liked, people will attempt to write other implementations including compilers for it. This was eg. the case of Ruby, which was originally written by Yukihiro Matsumoto, but was liked well enough that people wrote a compiler of Ruby for JVM -- JRuby.
In a compiled language the program, once compiled, is expressed in the instructions of the target machine.
In a interpreted language the program instructions are not directly executed by the the target machine, but instead read and executed by some other program (in java its called the JVM). This enables interpreted language to be "Write Once Execute Anywhere".
I think your question is based on a false premise. Most scripting-language interpreters of which I am aware will do some amount of "compilation" to an internal form to avoid having to re-parse the source for repeated code (function-calls or loops).
The strings that represent identifiers will usually be interned so that the internal form uses integers that index a string table. Constants will be converted to the machine format. Labels and function-names will be stored (in the internal form) as pointers.
At some point (but the line is very blurry) if the internal form is specified precisely, it can be considered a byte-code format, and the interpreter is then considered a virtual machine. But it is still an interpreter. The microprocessor is still an interpreter for its machine language.
I am a modeler who programs...I would never call myself a programmer, yet I program in C# and in FORTRAN. I have a FORTRAN model that I have connected to some C# code through a dll. I have found that I must have a common block in order to keep the variables in memory in the dll. I have also found that I cannot use more than one include statement.... my include file for the common variables are all Unlabeled. Chapman (2008) "FORTRAN 95/2003 for scientists and Engineers" states "The unlabeled COMMON statement should never be used ...".
How can I ensure that I do not have corrupted memory in my common file? I guess I can experiment, but I was hoping to have some sound advice on this. I am using the Lahey-F ver 7.2 within Microsoft Visual Studio 2008
Anyone, any thoughts?
As a programmer who models what I'd like to know is exactly why Chapman states that the unlabelled COMMON should not be used. From what I can remember the blank / unnamed common block is global and must be defined in the main program.
The only way to be sure about this is probably to make a simple Fortan DLL and then disassemble it to see what it's done with / where it put the common block.
Also it'd be useful if you could paste examples of errors etc. when you try to use a named common. It may be that there is a better solution once we understand exactly what's not working.
I am dabbling in PHP and getting my feet wet browsing SO, and feel compelled to ask a question that I've been wondering about for years:
When you write an entirely new programming language, what do you write it in?
It's to me a perplexing chicken & egg thing to me. What do you do? Say to yourself Today I'm going to invent a new language! and then fire up. Notepad? Are all compilers built on previously existing languages, such that were one to bother one could chart all programming languages ever devised onto one monstrous branching tree that eventually grounded out at... I don't know, something old?
It's not a stupid question. It's an excellent question.
As already answered the short answer is, "Another language."
Well that leads to some interesting questions? What if its the very first language written for
your particular piece of hardware? A very real problem for people who work on embedded devices. As already answered "a language on another computer". In fact some embedded devices will never get a compiler, their programs will always be compiled on a different computer.
But you can push it back even further. What about the first programs ever written?
Well the first compilers for "high level languages" would have been written in whats called "assembly language". Assembly language is a language where each instruction in the language corresponds to a single instruction to the CPU. Its very low level language and extremely verbose and very labor intensive to write in.
But even writing assembly language requires a program called an assembler to convert the assembly language into "machine language". We go back further. The very first assemblers were written in "machine code". A program consisting entirely of binary numbers that are a direct one-to-one correspondence with the raw language of the computer itself.
But it still doesn't end. Even a file with just raw numbers in it still needs translation. You still need to get those raw numbers in a file into the computer.
Well believe it or not the early computers had a row of switches on the front of them. You flipped the switches till they represented a binary number, then you flicked another switch and that loaded that single number into the computers memory. Then you kept going flicking switched until you had loaded a minimal computer program that could read programs from disk files or punch cards. You flicked another switch and it started the program running. When I went to university in the 80's I saw computers that had that capacity but never was given the job of loading in a program with the switches.
And even earlier than that computer programs had to be hard wired with plug boards!
The most common answer is C. Most languages are implemented in C or in a hybrid of C with callbacks and a "lexer" like Flex and parser generator like YACC. These are languages which are used for one purpose - to describe syntax of another language. Sometimes, when it comes to compiled languages, they are first implemented in C. Then the first version of the language is used to create a new version, and so on. (Like Haskell.)
A lot of languages are bootstrapped- that is written in themselves. As to why you would want to do this, it is often a good idea to eat your own dogfood.
The wikipedia article I refer to discusses the chicken and egg issue. I think you will find it quite interesting.
Pretty much any language, though using one suited to working with graphs and other complex data structures will make many things easier. Production compilers are often written in C or C++ for performance reasons, but languages such as OCaml, SML, Prolog, and Lisp are arguably better for prototyping the language.
There are also several "little languages" used in language design. Lex and yacc are used for specifying syntax and grammars, for example, and they compile to C. (There are ports for other languages, such as ocamllex / ocamlyacc, and many other similar tools.)
As a special case, new Lisp dialects are often built on existing Lisp implementations, since they can piggyback on most of the same infrastructure. Writing a Scheme interpreter can be done in Scheme in under a page of code, at which point one can easily add new features.
Fundamentally, compilers are just programs that read in something and translate it to something else - converting LaTeX source to DVI, converting C code to assembly and then to machine language, converting a grammar specification to C code for a parser, etc. Its designer specifies the structure of the source format (parsing), what those structures mean, how to simplify the data (optimizing), and the kind of output to generate. Interpreters read the source and execute it directly. (Interpreters are typically simpler to write, but much slower.)
"Writing a new programming language" technically doesn't involve any code. It's just coming up with a specification for what your language looks like and how it works. Once you have an idea of what your language is like, you can write translators and interpreters to actually make your language "work".
A translator inputs a program in one language and outputs an equivalent program in another language. An interpreter inputs a program in some language and runs it.
For example, a C compiler typically translates C source code (the input language) to an assembly language program (the output language). The assembler then takes the assembly language program and produces machine language. Once you have your output, you don't need the translators to run your program. Since you now have a machine language program, the CPU acts as the interpreter.
Many languages are implemented differently. For example, javac is a translator that converts Java source code to JVM bytecode. The JVM is an interpreter [1] that runs Java bytecode. After you run javac and get bytecode, you don't need javac anymore. However, whenever you want to run your program, you'll need the JVM.
The fact that translators don't need to be kept around to run a program is what makes it possible to "bootstrap" your language without having it end up running "on top of" layers and layers of other languages.
[1] Most JVMs do translation behind the scenes, but they're not really translators in that the interface to the JVM is not "input language -> output language".
Actually you can write in almost any language you like to. There's nothing that prevents you from writing a C compiler in Ruby. "All" you have to do is parse the program and emit the corresponding machine code. If you can read/write files, your programming language will probably suffice.
If you're starting from scratch on a new platform, you can do cross-compiling: write a compiler for your new platform, that runs in Java or natively on x86. Develop on your PC and then transfer the program to your new target platform.
The most basic compilers are probably Assembler and C.
Generally you can use just about whatever language you like. PHP was written in C, for example. If you have no access to any compiler whatsoever, you're going to have to resort to writing assembly language and compiling it to machine code by hand.
Many languages were first written in another available language and then reimplemented in itself and bootstrapped that way (or just kept the implementation in the foreign language, like PHP and perl), but some languages, like the first assembler was hand compiled to machine code like the first C-compiler was hand compiled to assembly.
I've been interested in bootstrapping ever since I read about it. To learn more I tried doing it myself by writing my own superset of BF, which i called EBF, in itself. the first version of EBF had 3 extra primitives and I hand compiled the first binary. I found a two step rhythm when doing so. I implemented a feature in the current language in one release and had a sweet release where I rewrote the code to utilize the implemented feature. The language was expressive enough to be used to make a LISP interpreter.
I have the hand compiled version together with the source in the first release tag and the code is quite small. The last version is 12 times bigger in size and the code and allows for more compact code so hand compiling the current version would be hard to get right.
Edmund Grimley Evans did something similar with his HEX language
One of the interesting things about doing this yourself is that you understand why some things are as they are. My code was product if small incremental adjustments an it looks more like it has evolved rather than been designed from scratch. I keep that in mind when reading code today which I think looks a little off.
Usually with a general-purpose programming language suitable for systems development, e.g. C, Haskell, ML, Lisp, etc., but the list of options is long. Also, usually with some domain-specific languages for language implementation, i.e. parser and lexical analyzer generators, intermediate languages like LLVM, etc. And probably some shell scripts, testing frameworks, and a build configuration system, e.g. autoconf.
Most compiler were wriiten C or a c like program if not c then assembly lang is the way to go However when writing a new lang from scratch and you do not have a macro lib or source code from a prototype language you have to define your own functions Now in What Language? You can just write a Form "of source code called psedocode to the machine it looks like a bnf grammar from the object oriented structured lang spec like Fortran basic algo lisp. So image writing a cross code resembling any of these language syntax That's psedo code
What are programming languages in general?
programming languages are a just a way to talk to computers. roughly speaking at first because computers could only understand zeros and ones (due to the fact that computers are made of transistors as switches which could only take two states, we call these two states 0 and 1) and working with 0,1 was hard for us as humans so computer scientists decided to do a one-to-one mapping from every instruction in binary(0,1) to a more human readable form which they called it assembly language.
for example if we had an instruction like:
11001101
in assembly it would be called:
LOAD_A 15
which means that load the content of register a into memory location 15. as i said it was just a convention like choosing 0 and 1 for two states of the transistors or anything else in the computer.in this way having a program with 50 instructions , remembering the assembly language would be easier . so the user would write the assembly code and some program (assembler in this case) would translate the codes to binary instructions or machine language as they call it.
but then with the computers getting improved every day there was room for more complicated programs with more instructions, say 10000.
in this case a one-to-one mapping like assembly wouldn't work, so other high level programming languages were created. they said for example if for a relation with I/O devices for printing something on the screen created by the user takes about 80 instructions , let us do something in here and we could package all this code into one library and call it for example printf and also create another program which could translate this printf in here to the related assembly code and from there the assembly would do the rest. so they call it compiler.
so now every user who wants to just print something on the screen he wouldn't have to write all the instructions in binary or assembly he just types printf("something") and all the programs like the compiler and assembler would do the rest. now later other longer codes would be packaged in the same way to just facilitate the work of other people as you see that you could just simplify a thousands line of code into one code in python and pack it for the use of other people.
so let's say that you have packed a lot of different codes in python and created a module(libray, package or anything that you want to call it) and you call that module mgh(just my name). now let's say we have created this mgh somehow that any one who says:
import mgh
mgh.connect(ip,port.data)...
could easily connect to a remote server with the ip and port number specified and send the data afterwards(or something like that). now people could do all of it using one single line, but what that happens is that a lot of codes are getting executed which have been retrieved from the mgh file. and packaging it has not been for speeding up the process of execution but rather facilitating other programmers works. so in here if someone wants to use your code first he should import the file and then the python interpreter would recognize all the code in it and so it could interpret the code.
now if you want to create a programming language and you want to execute it , first it needs a translation, for example let's say that you create a program which could understand the syntax and convert it to c , in this case after it has been translated to c , the rest would be taken care of , by the c compiler , then assembler , linker, ... .
even though you would have to pay the price of being slower since it has to be converted to c first.
now one other thing that you could do is to create a program which could translate all the code to the equivalent assembly language just like what happens with c but in this case the program could do it directly and from there the rest would be done by the linker. we know that this program is called compiler.
so what i am talking about is that, the only code that the system understands is 0,1 , so somehow you should convert you syntax to that, now in our operating systems a lot of different programs like assembler, linker and ... have been created to tell you that if you could convert your code to assembly they could take care of the rest or as i said you could even use other programming languages compilers by converting your code to that language.
Even further binary ,or assembly operations must be translated into functions, thats the assemblers/compilers job, then into object,from data and functions, if you don't have a source file to see" how these objects functionality should be represented in your language implementation ,Then you have to recognize "see" implement, or define your own functions ,procedures, and data structures, Which requires a lot of knowledge, you need to ask yourself what is a function.Your mind then becomes the language simulation.This Separate a Master programmer from the rest.
I too had this question few months back. And I read few articles and watched some videos which helped me to start writing my own language called soft. Its not complete yet but I learned a lot of stuff from this journey.
Basic things you should know is how compiler works when it has to execute a code snippet. Compiler has a lot of phases like lexical analysis, semantic analyzer, AST(Abstract Syntax Tree) etc.
What I did in my new language can be found here - http://www.singhajit.com/writing-a-new-programming-language/
If you are writing a language for first time then all the best and you have a long way to go.