Polymorphism in SQL database tables? - sql

Question

I currently have multiple tables in my database which consist of the same 'basic fields' like:
name character varying(100),
description text,
url character varying(255)
But I have multiple specializations of that basic table, which is for example that tv_series has the fields season, episode, airing, while the movies table has release_date, budget etc.
Now at first this is not a problem, but I want to create a second table, called linkgroups with a Foreign Key to these specialized tables. That means I would somehow have to normalize it within itself.
One way of solving this I have heard of is to normalize it with a key-value-pair-table, but I do not like that idea since it is kind of a 'database-within-a-database' scheme, I do not have a way to require certain keys/fields nor require a special type, and it would be a huge pain to fetch and order the data later.
So I am looking for a way now to 'share' a Primary Key between multiple tables or even better: a way to normalize it by having a general table and multiple specialized tables.

Answer 1

Right, the problem is you want only one object of one sub-type to reference any given row of the parent class. Starting from the example given by #Jay S, try this:
create table media_types (
media_type int primary key,
media_name varchar(20)
);
insert into media_types (media_type, media_name) values
(2, 'TV series'),
(3, 'movie');
create table media (
media_id int not null,
media_type not null,
name varchar(100),
description text,
url varchar(255),
primary key (media_id),
unique key (media_id, media_type),
foreign key (media_type)
references media_types (media_type)
);
create table tv_series (
media_id int primary key,
media_type int check (media_type = 2),
season int,
episode int,
airing date,
foreign key (media_id, media_type)
references media (media_id, media_type)
);
create table movies (
media_id int primary key,
media_type int check (media_type = 3),
release_date date,
budget numeric(9,2),
foreign key (media_id, media_type)
references media (media_id, media_type)
);
This is an example of the disjoint subtypes mentioned by #mike g.
Re comments by #Countably Infinite and #Peter:
INSERT to two tables would require two insert statements. But that's also true in SQL any time you have child tables. It's an ordinary thing to do.
UPDATE may require two statements, but some brands of RDBMS support multi-table UPDATE with JOIN syntax, so you can do it in one statement.
When querying data, you can do it simply by querying the media table if you only need information about the common columns:
SELECT name, url FROM media WHERE media_id = ?
If you know you are querying a movie, you can get movie-specific information with a single join:
SELECT m.name, v.release_date
FROM media AS m
INNER JOIN movies AS v USING (media_id)
WHERE m.media_id = ?
If you want information for a given media entry, and you don't know what type it is, you'd have to join to all your subtype tables, knowing that only one such subtype table will match:
SELECT m.name, t.episode, v.release_date
FROM media AS m
LEFT OUTER JOIN tv_series AS t USING (media_id)
LEFT OUTER JOIN movies AS v USING (media_id)
WHERE m.media_id = ?
If the given media is a movie,then all columns in t.* will be NULL.

Answer 2

Consider using a main basic data table with tables extending off of it with specialized information.
Ex.
basic_data
id int,
name character varying(100),
description text,
url character varying(255)
tv_series
id int,
BDID int, --foreign key to basic_data
season,
episode
airing
movies
id int,
BDID int, --foreign key to basic_data
release_data
budget

Answer 3

What you are looking for is called 'disjoint subtypes' in the relational world. They are not supported in sql at the language level, but can be more or less implemented on top of sql.

Answer 4

You could create one table with the main fields plus a uid then extension tables with the same uid for each specific case. To query these like separate tables you could create views.

Answer 5

Using the disjoint subtype approach suggested by Bill Karwin, how would you do INSERTs and UPDATEs without having to do it in two steps?
Getting data, I can introduce a View that joins and selects based on specific media_type but AFAIK I cant update or insert into that view because it affects multiple tables (I am talking MS SQL Server here). Can this be done without doing two operations - and without a stored procedure, natually.
Thanks

Answer 6

Question is quite old but for modern postresql versions it's also worth considering using json/jsonb/hstore type.
For example:
create table some_table (
name character varying(100),
description text,
url character varying(255),
additional_data json
);