How do I create a foreign key in SQL Server? - sql

Question

I have never "hand-coded" object creation code for SQL Server and foreign key decleration is seemingly different between SQL Server and Postgres. Here is my sql so far:
drop table exams;
drop table question_bank;
drop table anwser_bank;
create table exams
(
exam_id uniqueidentifier primary key,
exam_name varchar(50),
);
create table question_bank
(
question_id uniqueidentifier primary key,
question_exam_id uniqueidentifier not null,
question_text varchar(1024) not null,
question_point_value decimal,
constraint question_exam_id foreign key references exams(exam_id)
);
create table anwser_bank
(
anwser_id uniqueidentifier primary key,
anwser_question_id uniqueidentifier,
anwser_text varchar(1024),
anwser_is_correct bit
);
When I run the query I get this error:
Msg 8139, Level 16, State 0, Line 9
Number of referencing columns in
foreign key differs from number of
referenced columns, table
'question_bank'.
Can you spot the error?

Answer 1

And if you just want to create the constraint on its own, you can use ALTER TABLE
alter table MyTable
add constraint MyTable_MyColumn_FK FOREIGN KEY ( MyColumn ) references MyOtherTable(PKColumn)
I wouldn't recommend the syntax mentioned by Sara Chipps for inline creation, just because I would rather name my own constraints.

Answer 2

create table question_bank
(
question_id uniqueidentifier primary key,
question_exam_id uniqueidentifier not null,
question_text varchar(1024) not null,
question_point_value decimal,
constraint fk_questionbank_exams foreign key (question_exam_id) references exams (exam_id)
);

Answer 3

You can also name your foreign key constraint by using:
CONSTRAINT your_name_here FOREIGN KEY (question_exam_id) REFERENCES EXAMS (exam_id)

Answer 4

I like AlexCuse's answer, but something you should pay attention to whenever you add a foreign key constraint is how you want updates to the referenced column in a row of the referenced table to be treated, and especially how you want deletes of rows in the referenced table to be treated.
If a constraint is created like this:
alter table MyTable
add constraint MyTable_MyColumn_FK FOREIGN KEY ( MyColumn )
references MyOtherTable(PKColumn)
.. then updates or deletes in the referenced table will blow up with an error if there is a corresponding row in the referencing table.
That might be the behaviour you want, but in my experience, it much more commonly isn't.
If you instead create it like this:
alter table MyTable
add constraint MyTable_MyColumn_FK FOREIGN KEY ( MyColumn )
references MyOtherTable(PKColumn)
on update cascade
on delete cascade
..then updates and deletes in the parent table will result in updates and deletes of the corresponding rows in the referencing table.
(I'm not suggesting that the default should be changed, the default errs on the side of caution, which is good. I'm just saying it's something that a person who is creating constaints should always pay attention to.)
This can be done, by the way, when creating a table, like this:
create table ProductCategories (
Id int identity primary key,
ProductId int references Products(Id)
on update cascade on delete cascade
CategoryId int references Categories(Id)
on update cascade on delete cascade
)

Answer 5

create table question_bank
(
question_id uniqueidentifier primary key,
question_exam_id uniqueidentifier not null constraint fk_exam_id foreign key references exams(exam_id),
question_text varchar(1024) not null,
question_point_value decimal
);
--That will work too. Pehaps a bit more intuitive construct?

Answer 6

To Create a foreign key on any table
ALTER TABLE [SCHEMA].[TABLENAME] ADD FOREIGN KEY (COLUMNNAME) REFERENCES [TABLENAME](COLUMNNAME)
EXAMPLE
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[UserMaster] ADD FOREIGN KEY (City_Id) REFERENCES [dbo].[CityMaster](City_Id)

Answer 7

If you want to create two table's columns into a relationship by using a query try the following:
Alter table Foreign_Key_Table_name add constraint
Foreign_Key_Table_name_Columnname_FK
Foreign Key (Column_name) references
Another_Table_name(Another_Table_Column_name)

Answer 8

Like you, I don't usually create foreign keys by hand, but if for some reason I need the script to do so I usually create it using ms sql server management studio and before saving then changes, I select Table Designer | Generate Change Script

Answer 9

This script is about creating tables with foreign key and I added referential integrity constraint sql-server.
create table exams
(
exam_id int primary key,
exam_name varchar(50),
);
create table question_bank
(
question_id int primary key,
question_exam_id int not null,
question_text varchar(1024) not null,
question_point_value decimal,
constraint question_exam_id_fk
foreign key references exams(exam_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE
);

Answer 10

Necromancing.
Actually, doing this correctly is a little bit trickier.
You first need to check if the primary-key exists for the column you want to set your foreign key to reference to.
In this example, a foreign key on table T_ZO_SYS_Language_Forms is created, referencing dbo.T_SYS_Language_Forms.LANG_UID
-- First, chech if the table exists...
IF 0 < (
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE'
AND TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo'
AND TABLE_NAME = 'T_SYS_Language_Forms'
)
BEGIN
-- Check for NULL values in the primary-key column
IF 0 = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T_SYS_Language_Forms WHERE LANG_UID IS NULL)
BEGIN
ALTER TABLE T_SYS_Language_Forms ALTER COLUMN LANG_UID uniqueidentifier NOT NULL
-- No, don't drop, FK references might already exist...
-- Drop PK if exists
-- ALTER TABLE T_SYS_Language_Forms DROP CONSTRAINT pk_constraint_name
--DECLARE #pkDropCommand nvarchar(1000)
--SET #pkDropCommand = N'ALTER TABLE T_SYS_Language_Forms DROP CONSTRAINT ' + QUOTENAME((SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
--WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
--AND TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo'
--AND TABLE_NAME = 'T_SYS_Language_Forms'
----AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'PK_T_SYS_Language_Forms'
--))
---- PRINT #pkDropCommand
--EXECUTE(#pkDropCommand)
-- Instead do
-- EXEC sp_rename 'dbo.T_SYS_Language_Forms.PK_T_SYS_Language_Forms1234565', 'PK_T_SYS_Language_Forms';
-- Check if they keys are unique (it is very possible they might not be)
IF 1 >= (SELECT TOP 1 COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM T_SYS_Language_Forms GROUP BY LANG_UID ORDER BY cnt DESC)
BEGIN
-- If no Primary key for this table
IF 0 =
(
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
WHERE CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'PRIMARY KEY'
AND TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo'
AND TABLE_NAME = 'T_SYS_Language_Forms'
-- AND CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'PK_T_SYS_Language_Forms'
)
ALTER TABLE T_SYS_Language_Forms ADD CONSTRAINT PK_T_SYS_Language_Forms PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (LANG_UID ASC)
;
-- Adding foreign key
IF 0 = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS WHERE CONSTRAINT_NAME = 'FK_T_ZO_SYS_Language_Forms_T_SYS_Language_Forms')
ALTER TABLE T_ZO_SYS_Language_Forms WITH NOCHECK ADD CONSTRAINT FK_T_ZO_SYS_Language_Forms_T_SYS_Language_Forms FOREIGN KEY(ZOLANG_LANG_UID) REFERENCES T_SYS_Language_Forms(LANG_UID);
END -- End uniqueness check
ELSE
PRINT 'FSCK, this column has duplicate keys, and can thus not be changed to primary key...'
END -- End NULL check
ELSE
PRINT 'FSCK, need to figure out how to update NULL value(s)...'
END

Answer 11

I always use this syntax to create the foreign key constraint between 2 tables
Alter Table ForeignKeyTable
Add constraint `ForeignKeyTable_ForeignKeyColumn_FK`
`Foreign key (ForeignKeyColumn)` references `PrimaryKeyTable (PrimaryKeyColumn)`
i.e.
Alter Table tblEmployee
Add constraint tblEmployee_DepartmentID_FK
foreign key (DepartmentID) references tblDepartment (ID)