I am trying to use ESRI latest land use data and downloaded a tif image from
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/instant/media/index.html?appid=fc92d38533d440078f17678ebc20e8e2
for example, shown here
https://lulctimeseries.blob.core.windows.net/lulctimeseriespublic/lc2021/16R_20210101-20220101.tif
When I load the image to ArcGIS pro, the longitude between A and B (corners) is 6 degrees, which is expected. The tif image is in WGS84/UTM 16N projection. I want to be able to find longitude and latitude of each pixels on the tif file, so I converted it to WGS 84 coordinate. However, after I converted it (by GDAL and ArcGIS), the longitude span between A and B is larger than 6 degrees. It looks like the transformer treat each grid on the image as equal distance instead of equal longitude/latitude. Am I doing something wrong here?
def wgs_transformer(img):
"""Giving geoio image, return two transformers from image crs to wgs84 and wgs84 to image crs
They can be used to translate between pixels and lat/long
"""
assert isinstance(img, geoio.base.GeoImage), 'img is not geoio.base.GeoImage type object'
old_cs= osr.SpatialReference()
old_cs.ImportFromWkt(img.ds.GetProjectionRef())
# create the new coordinate system
new_cs = osr.SpatialReference()
new_cs.ImportFromEPSG(4326)
# create a transform object to convert between coordinate systems
transform_img_wgs = osr.CoordinateTransformation(old_cs,new_cs)
transform_wgs_img = osr.CoordinateTransformation(new_cs, old_cs)
return transform_img_wgs, transform_wgs_img
def pixels_to_latlong(img, px, py, transform, arr=None, return_band=False):
"""Giving pixels x, y cordinates, return latitude and longitude
Args:
img: geoio.base.GeoImage
px: float, x cordinate
py: float, y cordinate
transfrom: osgeo.osr.CoordinateTransformation
arr: np array, band info of the img
return_band: bool, if Ture, return band info for the pixel
Returns:
latitude, longitude
"""
assert isinstance(img, geoio.base.GeoImage), 'img is not geoio.base.GeoImage type object'
assert isinstance(transform, osgeo.osr.CoordinateTransformation), 'transform has to be osgeo.osr.CoordinateTransformation object'
band, width, height = img.shape
assert 0 <= px < width and 0 <= py < height, f'px {px}, py {py} are beyond the img shape ({width}, {height})'
if return_band:
assert isinstance(arr, np.ndarray), 'arr needs to be numpy.ndarray'
lat, long, _ = transform.TransformPoint(*img.raster_to_proj(px, py))
if return_band:
band_val = arr[py-1, px-1]
return lat, long, band_val
else:
return lat, long, 0
Related
I want to transform the corner coordinates of a UTM projected file into longlat. If I read coordinates from a GeoTIFF, the function works as expected. But, after converting the GeoTiff to ENVI raw file (with gdal_translate), the coordinates are flipped:
from osgeo import gdal
from osgeo import osr
def corner2longlat(fname):
dataset = gdal.Open(fname, gdal.GA_ReadOnly)
ds_geotrans = dataset.GetGeoTransform()
X = ds_geotrans[0]
Y = ds_geotrans[3] + dataset.RasterYSize * ds_geotrans[5]
srs_projection = dataset.GetProjectionRef()
srs = osr.SpatialReference()
srs.ImportFromWkt(srs_projection)
srsLatLong = srs.CloneGeogCS()
ct = osr.CoordinateTransformation(srs, srsLatLong)
latlon = ct.TransformPoint(X, Y)
print(srs_projection)
print([latlon[0], latlon[1]])
image_tif = "all_bands.tif"
image_raw = "all_bands.raw"
corner2longlat(image_tif) gives then:
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 43N",GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0,AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9122"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",75],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH],AUTHORITY["EPSG","32643"]]
[41.463751886708124, 74.99976050569691]
corner2longlat(image_raw) gives then:
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 43N",GEOGCS["WGS 84",DATUM["WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",75],PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["metre",1,AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],AXIS["Easting",EAST],AXIS["Northing",NORTH]]
[74.99976050569691, 41.463751886708124]
Does anybody have an idea how that could happen?
Thank you in advance
Lukas
I have a pan-tilt-zoom camera (changing focal length over time). There is no idea about its base focal length (e.g. focal length in time point 0). However, It is possible to track the change in focal length between frame and another based on some known constraints and assumptions (Doing a SLAM).
If I assume a random focal length (in pixel unit), for example, 1000 pixel. Then, the new focal lengths are tracked frame by frame. Would I get correct results relatively? Would the results (focal lengths) in each frame be correct up to scale to the ground truth focal length?
For pan and tilt, assuming 0 at start would be valid. Although it is not correct, The estimated values of new tili-pan will be correct up to an offset. However, I suspect the estimated focal length will not be even correct up to scale or offset.. Is it correct or not?
For a quick short answer - if pan-tilt-zoom camera is approximated as a thin lens, then this is the relation between distance (z) and focal length (f):
This is just an approximation. Not fully correct. For more precise calculations, see the camera matrix. Focal length is an intrinsic parameter in the camera matrix. Even if not known, it can be calculated using some camera calibration method such as DLT, Zhang's Method and RANSAC. Once you have the camera matrix, focal length is just a small part of it. You get many more useful things along with it.
OpenCV has an inbuilt implementation of Zhang's method. (Look at this documentation for explanations, but code is old and unusable. New up-to-date code below.) You need to take some pictures of a chess board through your camera. Here is some helper code:
import cv2
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from glob import glob
from scipy import linalg
x,y = np.meshgrid(range(6),range(8))
world_points=np.hstack((x.reshape(48,1),y.reshape(48,1),np.zeros((48,1)))).astype(np.float32)
_3d_points=[]
_2d_points=[]
img_paths=glob('./*.JPG') #get paths of all checkerboard images
for path in img_paths:
im=cv2.imread(path)
ret, corners = cv2.findChessboardCorners(im, (6,8))
if ret: #add points only if checkerboard was correctly detected:
_2d_points.append(corners) #append current 2D points
_3d_points.append(world_points) #3D points are always the same
ret, mtx, dist, rvecs, tvecs = cv2.calibrateCamera(_3d_points, _2d_points, (im.shape[1],im.shape[0]), None, None)
print ("Ret:\n",ret)
print ("Mtx:\n",mtx)
print ("Dist:\n",dist)
You might want Undistortion: Correcting for Radial Distortion
# termination criteria
criteria = (cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_EPS + cv2.TERM_CRITERIA_MAX_ITER, 30, 0.001)
# prepare object points, like (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (2,0,0) ....,(6,5,0)
objp = np.zeros((6*8,3), np.float32)
objp[:,:2] = np.mgrid[0:6,0:8].T.reshape(-1,2)
# Arrays to store object points and image points from all the images.
objpoints = [] # 3d point in real world space
imgpoints = [] # 2d points in image plane.
for fname in img_paths:
img = cv2.imread(fname)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Find the chess board corners
ret, corners = cv2.findChessboardCorners(gray, (6,8),None)
# If found, add object points, image points (after refining them)
if ret == True:
objpoints.append(objp)
cv2.cornerSubPix(gray,corners,(11,11),(-1,-1),criteria)
imgpoints.append(corners)
if 'IMG_5456.JPG' in fname:
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
img_vis=img.copy()
cv2.drawChessboardCorners(img_vis, (6,8), corners, ret)
plt.imshow(img_vis)
plt.show()
#Calibration
ret, mtx, dist, rvecs, tvecs = cv2.calibrateCamera(objpoints, imgpoints, gray.shape[::-1],None,None)
# Reprojection Error
tot_error = 0
for i in range(len(objpoints)):
imgpoints2, _ = cv2.projectPoints(objpoints[i], rvecs[i], tvecs[i], mtx, dist)
error = cv2.norm(imgpoints[i],imgpoints2, cv2.NORM_L2)/len(imgpoints2)
tot_error += error
print ("Mean Reprojection error: ", tot_error/len(objpoints))
# undistort
mapx,mapy = cv2.initUndistortRectifyMap(mtx,dist,None,newcameramtx,(w,h),5)
dst = cv2.remap(img,mapx,mapy,cv2.INTER_LINEAR)
# crop the image
x,y,w,h = roi
dst = dst[y:y+h, x:x+w]
plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
#cv2.drawChessboardCorners(dst, (6,8), corners, ret)
plt.imshow(dst)
plt.show()
# Reprojection Error
tot_error = 0
for i in range(len(objpoints)):
imgpoints2, _ = cv2.projectPoints(objpoints[i], rvecs[i], tvecs[i], mtx, dist)
error = cv2.norm(imgpoints[i],imgpoints2, cv2.NORM_L2)/len(imgpoints2)
tot_error += error
print ("Mean Reprojection error: ", tot_error/len(objpoints))
I have a few annotations that is originally in .csv format. I would need to convert it to yolo darknet format inorder to train my model with yolov4.
my .csv file :
YOLO format is : object-class x y width height
where, object_class, widht, height is know from my .csv format. But finding x,y is confusing .Note that x and y are center of rectangle (are not top-left corner).
Any help would be appreciated :)
You can use this function to convert bounding boxes to the yolo format. Of course you will need to write some code to read the csv. Just use this function as a template for your needs.
This function was extracted from the labelimg app:
https://github.com/tzutalin/labelImg/blob/master/libs/yolo_io.py
def BndBox2YoloLine(self, box, classList=[]):
xmin = box['xmin']
xmax = box['xmax']
ymin = box['ymin']
ymax = box['ymax']
xcen = float((xmin + xmax)) / 2 / self.imgSize[1]
ycen = float((ymin + ymax)) / 2 / self.imgSize[0]
w = float((xmax - xmin)) / self.imgSize[1]
h = float((ymax - ymin)) / self.imgSize[0]
# PR387
boxName = box['name']
if boxName not in classList:
classList.append(boxName)
classIndex = classList.index(boxName)
return classIndex, xcen, ycen, w, h
I am trying to train my model to recognize car, pedestrian and cyclist, it requires the cyclist, car and pedestrian point cloud as the training data. I downloaded the dataset from KITTI (http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_object.php?obj_benchmark=3d), both the label and the velodyne point(http://www.cvlibs.net/download.php?file=data_object_label_2.zip)(http://www.cvlibs.net/download.php?file=data_object_velodyne.zip). However, the object label doesn't seem to be from this set of data. I attempted to crop the point cloud to extract the object point cloud, but I can only obtain blank 3d space. This is my cropping function in MATLAB. Is there any mistake in my code? Is there any training and testing data set for pedestrian, cyclist and car point cloud available elsewhere?
function pc = crop_pc3d (pt_cloud, x, y, z, height, width, length)
%keep points only between (x,y,z) and (x+length, y+width,z+height)
%Initialization
y_min = y; y_max = y + width;
x_min = x; x_max = x + length;
z_min = z; z_max = z + height;
%Get ROI
x_ind = find( pt_cloud.Location(:,1) < x_max & pt_cloud.Location(:,1) > x_min );
y_ind = find( pt_cloud.Location(:,2) < y_max & pt_cloud.Location(:,2) > y_min );
z_ind = find( pt_cloud.Location(:,3) < z_max & pt_cloud.Location(:,3) > z_min );
crop_ind_xy = intersect(x_ind, y_ind);
crop_ind = intersect(crop_ind_xy, z_ind);
%Update point cloud
pt_cloud = pt_cloud.Location(crop_ind, :);
pc = pointCloud(pt_cloud);
end
The labels are in the image coordinate plane. So, in order to use them for the point cloud, they need to be transformed into velodyne coordinate plane.
For this transformation, use calibration data provided by camera calibration matrices.
Calibration data is provide on the KITTI.
http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_object.php?obj_benchmark=3d
I want to convert GPS location (latitude, longitude) into x,y coordinates.
I found many links about this topic and applied it, but it doesn't give me the correct answer!
I am following these steps to test the answer:
(1) firstly, i take two positions and calculate the distance between them using maps.
(2) then convert the two positions into x,y coordinates.
(3) then again calculate distance between the two points in the x,y coordinates
and see if it give me the same result in point(1) or not.
one of the solution i found the following, but it doesn't give me correct answer!
latitude = Math.PI * latitude / 180;
longitude = Math.PI * longitude / 180;
// adjust position by radians
latitude -= 1.570795765134; // subtract 90 degrees (in radians)
// and switch z and y
xPos = (app.radius) * Math.sin(latitude) * Math.cos(longitude);
zPos = (app.radius) * Math.sin(latitude) * Math.sin(longitude);
yPos = (app.radius) * Math.cos(latitude);
also i tried this link but still not work with me well!
any help how to convert from(latitude, longitude) to (x,y) ?
Thanks,
No exact solution exists
There is no isometric map from the sphere to the plane. When you convert lat/lon coordinates from the sphere to x/y coordinates in the plane, you cannot hope that all lengths will be preserved by this operation. You have to accept some kind of deformation. Many different map projections do exist, which can achieve different compromises between preservations of lengths, angles and areas. For smallish parts of earth's surface, transverse Mercator is quite common. You might have heard about UTM. But there are many more.
The formulas you quote compute x/y/z, i.e. a point in 3D space. But even there you'd not get correct distances automatically. The shortest distance between two points on the surface of the sphere would go through that sphere, whereas distances on the earth are mostly geodesic lengths following the surface. So they will be longer.
Approximation for small areas
If the part of the surface of the earth which you want to draw is relatively small, then you can use a very simple approximation. You can simply use the horizontal axis x to denote longitude λ, the vertical axis y to denote latitude φ. The ratio between these should not be 1:1, though. Instead you should use cos(φ0) as the aspect ratio, where φ0 denotes a latitude close to the center of your map. Furthermore, to convert from angles (measured in radians) to lengths, you multiply by the radius of the earth (which in this model is assumed to be a sphere).
x = r λ cos(φ0)
y = r φ
This is simple equirectangular projection. In most cases, you'll be able to compute cos(φ0) only once, which makes subsequent computations of large numbers of points really cheap.
I want to share with you how I managed the problem. I've used the equirectangular projection just like #MvG said, but this method gives you X and Y positions related to the globe (or the entire map), this means that you get global positions. In my case, I wanted to convert coordinates in a small area (about 500m square), so I related the projection point to another 2 points, getting the global positions and relating to local (on screen) positions, just like this:
First, I choose 2 points (top-left and bottom-right) around the area where I want to project, just like this picture:
Once I have the global reference area in lat and lng, I do the same for screen positions. The objects containing this data are shown below.
//top-left reference point
var p0 = {
scrX: 23.69, // Minimum X position on screen
scrY: -0.5, // Minimum Y position on screen
lat: -22.814895, // Latitude
lng: -47.072892 // Longitude
}
//bottom-right reference point
var p1 = {
scrX: 276, // Maximum X position on screen
scrY: 178.9, // Maximum Y position on screen
lat: -22.816419, // Latitude
lng: -47.070563 // Longitude
}
var radius = 6371; //Earth Radius in Km
//## Now I can calculate the global X and Y for each reference point ##\\
// This function converts lat and lng coordinates to GLOBAL X and Y positions
function latlngToGlobalXY(lat, lng){
//Calculates x based on cos of average of the latitudes
let x = radius*lng*Math.cos((p0.lat + p1.lat)/2);
//Calculates y based on latitude
let y = radius*lat;
return {x: x, y: y}
}
// Calculate global X and Y for top-left reference point
p0.pos = latlngToGlobalXY(p0.lat, p0.lng);
// Calculate global X and Y for bottom-right reference point
p1.pos = latlngToGlobalXY(p1.lat, p1.lng);
/*
* This gives me the X and Y in relation to map for the 2 reference points.
* Now we have the global AND screen areas and then we can relate both for the projection point.
*/
// This function converts lat and lng coordinates to SCREEN X and Y positions
function latlngToScreenXY(lat, lng){
//Calculate global X and Y for projection point
let pos = latlngToGlobalXY(lat, lng);
//Calculate the percentage of Global X position in relation to total global width
pos.perX = ((pos.x-p0.pos.x)/(p1.pos.x - p0.pos.x));
//Calculate the percentage of Global Y position in relation to total global height
pos.perY = ((pos.y-p0.pos.y)/(p1.pos.y - p0.pos.y));
//Returns the screen position based on reference points
return {
x: p0.scrX + (p1.scrX - p0.scrX)*pos.perX,
y: p0.scrY + (p1.scrY - p0.scrY)*pos.perY
}
}
//# The usage is like this #\\
var pos = latlngToScreenXY(-22.815319, -47.071718);
$point = $("#point-to-project");
$point.css("left", pos.x+"em");
$point.css("top", pos.y+"em");
As you can see, I made this in javascript, but the calculations can be translated to any language.
P.S. I'm applying the converted positions to an HTML element whose id is "point-to-project". To use this piece of code on your project, you shall create this element (styled as position absolute) or change the "usage" block.
Since this page shows up on top of google while i searched for this same problem, I would like to provide a more practical answers. The answer by MVG is correct but rather theoratical.
I have made a track plotting app for the fitbit ionic in javascript. The code below is how I tackled the problem.
//LOCATION PROVIDER
index.js
var gpsFix = false;
var circumferenceAtLat = 0;
function locationSuccess(pos){
if(!gpsFix){
gpsFix = true;
circumferenceAtLat = Math.cos(pos.coords.latitude*0.01745329251)*111305;
}
pos.x:Math.round(pos.coords.longitude*circumferenceAtLat),
pos.y:Math.round(pos.coords.latitude*110919),
plotTrack(pos);
}
plotting.js
plotTrack(position){
let x = Math.round((this.segments[i].start.x - this.bounds.minX)*this.scale);
let y = Math.round(this.bounds.maxY - this.segments[i].start.y)*this.scale; //heights needs to be inverted
//redraw?
let redraw = false;
//x or y bounds?
if(position.x>this.bounds.maxX){
this.bounds.maxX = (position.x-this.bounds.minX)*1.1+this.bounds.minX; //increase by 10%
redraw = true;
}
if(position.x<this.bounds.minX){
this.bounds.minX = this.bounds.maxX-(this.bounds.maxX-position.x)*1.1;
redraw = true;
};
if(position.y>this.bounds.maxY){
this.bounds.maxY = (position.y-this.bounds.minY)*1.1+this.bounds.minY; //increase by 10%
redraw = true;
}
if(position.y<this.bounds.minY){
this.bounds.minY = this.bounds.maxY-(this.bounds.maxY-position.y)*1.1;
redraw = true;
}
if(redraw){
reDraw();
}
}
function reDraw(){
let xScale = device.screen.width / (this.bounds.maxX-this.bounds.minX);
let yScale = device.screen.height / (this.bounds.maxY-this.bounds.minY);
if(xScale<yScale) this.scale = xScale;
else this.scale = yScale;
//Loop trough your object to redraw all of them
}
For completeness I like to add my python adaption of #allexrm code which worked really well. Thanks again!
radius = 6371 #Earth Radius in KM
class referencePoint:
def __init__(self, scrX, scrY, lat, lng):
self.scrX = scrX
self.scrY = scrY
self.lat = lat
self.lng = lng
# Calculate global X and Y for top-left reference point
p0 = referencePoint(0, 0, 52.526470, 13.403215)
# Calculate global X and Y for bottom-right reference point
p1 = referencePoint(2244, 2060, 52.525035, 13.405809)
# This function converts lat and lng coordinates to GLOBAL X and Y positions
def latlngToGlobalXY(lat, lng):
# Calculates x based on cos of average of the latitudes
x = radius*lng*math.cos((p0.lat + p1.lat)/2)
# Calculates y based on latitude
y = radius*lat
return {'x': x, 'y': y}
# This function converts lat and lng coordinates to SCREEN X and Y positions
def latlngToScreenXY(lat, lng):
# Calculate global X and Y for projection point
pos = latlngToGlobalXY(lat, lng)
# Calculate the percentage of Global X position in relation to total global width
perX = ((pos['x']-p0.pos['x'])/(p1.pos['x'] - p0.pos['x']))
# Calculate the percentage of Global Y position in relation to total global height
perY = ((pos['y']-p0.pos['y'])/(p1.pos['y'] - p0.pos['y']))
# Returns the screen position based on reference points
return {
'x': p0.scrX + (p1.scrX - p0.scrX)*perX,
'y': p0.scrY + (p1.scrY - p0.scrY)*perY
}
pos = latlngToScreenXY(52.525607, 13.404572);
pos['x] and pos['y] contain the translated x & y coordinates of the lat & lng (52.525607, 13.404572)
I hope this is helpful for anyone looking like me for the proper solution to the problem of translating lat lng into a local reference coordinate system.
Best
Its better to convert to utm coordinates, and treat that as x and y.
import utm
u = utm.from_latlon(12.917091, 77.573586)
The result will be (779260.623156606, 1429369.8665238516, 43, 'P')
The first two can be treated as x,y coordinates, the 43P is the UTM Zone, which can be ignored for small areas (width upto 668 km).