In Rust the main function is defined like this:
fn main() {
}
This function does not allow for a return value though. Why would a language not allow for a return value and is there a way to return something anyway? Would I be able to safely use the C exit(int) function, or will this cause leaks and whatnot?
As of Rust 1.26, main can return a Result:
use std::fs::File;
fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
let f = File::open("bar.txt")?;
Ok(())
}
The returned error code in this case is 1 in case of an error. With File::open("bar.txt").expect("file not found"); instead, an error value of 101 is returned (at least on my machine).
Also, if you want to return a more generic error, use:
use std::error::Error;
...
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
...
}
std::process::exit(code: i32) is the way to exit with a code.
Rust does it this way so that there is a consistent explicit interface for returning a value from a program, wherever it is set from. If main starts a series of tasks then any of these can set the return value, even if main has exited.
Rust does have a way to write a main function that returns a value, however it is normally abstracted within stdlib. See the documentation on writing an executable without stdlib for details.
As was noted by others, std::process::exit(code: i32) is the way to go here
More information about why is given in RFC 1011: Process Exit. Discussion about the RFC is in the pull request of the RFC.
The reddit thread on this has a "why" explanation:
Rust certainly could be designed to do this. It used to, in fact.
But because of the task model Rust uses, the fn main task could start a bunch of other tasks and then exit! But one of those other tasks may want to set the OS exit code after main has gone away.
Calling set_exit_status is explicit, easy, and doesn't require you to always put a 0 at the bottom of main when you otherwise don't care.
Try:
use std::process::ExitCode;
fn main() -> ExitCode {
ExitCode::from(2)
}
Take a look in doc
or:
use std::process::{ExitCode, Termination};
pub enum LinuxExitCode { E_OK, E_ERR(u8) }
impl Termination for LinuxExitCode {
fn report(self) -> ExitCode {
match self {
LinuxExitCode::E_OK => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
LinuxExitCode::E_ERR(v) => ExitCode::from(v)
}
}
}
fn main() -> LinuxExitCode {
LinuxExitCode::E_ERR(3)
}
You can set the return value with std::os::set_exit_status.
I want to create a CompletableFuture with a return value that runs on a specific executor in Kotlin.
The following code works just fine.
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync {
val commandHandler = registry.get<TCommand, TResponse>(command::class.java)
commandHandler.handle(command)
}
However when I attempt to pass the executor it won't compile.
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync({
val commandHandler = registry.get<TCommand, TResponse>(command::class.java)
commandHandler.handle(command)
}, exec)
I tried to get clever and wrote the Java version and had Intellij covert it to Kotlin, but that one had the same error as well. What am I doing wrong here?
EDIT:
I can make it work by doing the following but it seems unnecessary. Can someone explain why this works but other methods do not. Are there other ways to write this code?
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(Supplier {
commandHandler.handle(command)
}, exec)
I do not exactly know, why it is not working. But the following does work:
return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync({
val commandHandler = registry.get<TCommand, TResponse>(command::class.java)
commandHandler.handle(command)
}, exec::execute)
As you can see, I changed the second parameter to a method reference.
Now the signature of the method is:
supplyAsync(supplier: () -> U, executor: (Runnable)-> Unit)
If you pass the Executor directly, Kotlin chooses the signature:
supplyAsync(supplier: Supplier<U>, executor: Executor)
It looks like you can not mix interface and lambda style.
I'm using Kotlin and Arrow and the WebClient from spring-webflux. What I'd like to do is to transform a Mono instance to an Either.
The Either instance is created by calling Either.right(..) when the response of the WebClient is successful or Either.left(..) when WebClient returns an error.
What I'm looking for is a method in Mono similar to Either.fold(..) where I can map over the successful and erroneous result and return a different type than a Mono. Something like this (pseudo-code which doesn't work):
val either : Either<Throwable, ClientResponse> =
webClient().post().exchange()
.fold({ throwable -> Either.left(throwable) },
{ response -> Either.right(response)})
How should one go about?
There is no fold method on Mono but you can achieve the same using two methods: map and onErrorResume. It would go something like this:
val either : Either<Throwable, ClientResponse> =
webClient().post()
.exchange()
.map { Either.right(it) }
.onErrorResume { Either.left(it).toMono() }
I'm not really familiar with that Arrow library nor the typical use case for it, so I'll use Java snippets to make my point here.
First I'd like first to point that this type seems to be blocking and not lazy (unlike Mono). Translating a Mono to that type means that you'll make your code blocking and that you shouldn't do that, for example, in the middle of a Controller handler or you will block your whole server.
This is more or less the equivalent of this:
Mono<ClientResponse> response = webClient.get().uri("/").exchange();
// blocking; return the response or throws an exception
ClientResponse blockingResponse = response.block();
That being said, I think you should be able to convert a Mono to that type by either calling block() on it and a try/catch block around it, or turning it first into a CompletableFuture first, like:
Mono<ClientResponse> response = webClient.get().uri("/").exchange();
Either<Throwable, ClientResponse> either = response
.toFuture()
.handle((resp, t) -> Either.fold(t, resp))
.get();
There might be better ways to do that (especially with inline functions), but they all should involve blocking on the Mono in the first place.
I know an alternative of reflection which is using javassist, but using javassist is a little bit complex. And because of lambda or some other features in koltin, the javassist doesn't work well sometimes. So is there any other way to iterate all fields of a data class without using reflection.
There are two ways. The first is relatively easy, and is essentially what's mentioned in the comments: assuming you know how many fields there are, you can unpack it and throw that into a list, and iterate over those. Or alternatively use them directly:
data class Test(val x: String, val y: String) {
fun getData() : List<Any> = listOf(x, y)
}
data class Test(val x: String, val y: String)
...
val (x, y) = Test("x", "y")
// And optionally throw those in a list
Although iterating like this is a slight extra step, this is at least one way you can relatively easy unpack a data class.
If you don't know how many fields there are (or you don't want to refactor), you have two options:
The first is using reflection. But as you mentioned, you don't want this.
That leaves a second, somewhat more complicated preprocessing option: annotations. Note that this only works with data classes you control - beyond that, you're stuck with reflection or implementations from the library/framework coder.
Annotations can be used for several things. One of which is metadata, but also code generation. This is a somewhat complicated alternative, and requires an additional module in order to get compile order right. If it isn't compiled in the right order, you'll end up with unprocessed annotations, which kinda defeats the purpose.
I've also created a version you can use with Gradle, but that's at the end of the post and it's a shortcut to implementing it yourself.
Note that I have only tested this with a pure Kotlin project - I've personally had problems with annotations between Java and Kotlin (although that was with Lombok), so I do not guarantee this will work at compile time if called from Java. Also note that this is complex, but avoids runtime reflection.
Explanation
The main issue here is a certain memory concern. This will create a new list every time you call the method, which makes it very similar to the method used by enums.
Local testing over 10000 iterations also show a general consistency of ~200 milliseconds to execute my approach, versus roughly 600 for reflection. However, for one iteration, mine uses ~20 milliseconds, where as reflection uses between 400 and 500 milliseconds. On one run, reflection took 1500 (!) milliseconds, while my approach took 18 milliseconds.
See also Java Reflection: Why is it so slow?. This appears to affect Kotlin as well.
The memory impact of creating a new list every time it's called can be noticeable though, but it'll also be collected so it shouldn't be that big a problem.
For reference, the code used for benchmarking (this will make sense after the rest of the post):
#AutoUnpack data class ExampleDataClass(val x: String, val y: Int, var m: Boolean)
fun main(a: Array<String>) {
var mine = 0L
var reflect = 0L
// for(i in 0 until 10000) {
var start = System.currentTimeMillis()
val cls = ExampleDataClass("example", 42, false)
for (field in cls) {
println(field)
}
mine += System.currentTimeMillis() - start
start = System.currentTimeMillis()
for (prop in ExampleDataClass::class.memberProperties) {
println("${prop.name} = ${prop.get(cls)}")
}
reflect += System.currentTimeMillis() - start
// }
println(mine)
println(reflect)
}
Setting up from scratch
This bases itself around two modules: a consumer module, and a processor module. The processor HAS to be in a separate module. It needs to be compiled separately from the consumer for the annotations to work properly.
First of all, your consumer project needs the annotation processor:
apply plugin: 'kotlin-kapt'
Additionally, you need to add stub generation. It complains it's unused while compiling, but without it, the generator seems to break for me:
kapt {
generateStubs = true
}
Now that that's in order, create a new module for the unpacker. Add the Kotlin plugin if you didn't already. You do not need the annotation processor Gradle plugin in this project. That's only needed by the consumer. You do, however, need kotlinpoet:
implementation "com.squareup:kotlinpoet:1.2.0"
This is to simplify aspects of the code generation itself, which is the important part here.
Now, create the annotation:
#Retention(AnnotationRetention.SOURCE)
#Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS)
annotation class AutoUnpack
This is pretty much all you need. The retention is set to source because it has no value at runtime, and it only targets compile time.
Next, there's the processor itself. This is somewhat complicated, so bear with me. For reference, this uses the javax.* packages for annotation processing. Android note: this might work assuming you can plug in a Java module on a compileOnly scope without getting the Android SDK restrictions. As I mentioned earlier, this is mainly for pure Kotlin; Android might work, but I haven't tested that.
Anyways, the generator:
Because I couldn't find a way to generate the method into the class without touching the rest (and because according to this, that isn't possible), I'm going with an extension function generation approach.
You'll need a class UnpackCodeGenerator : AbstractProcessor(). In there, you'll first need two lines of boilerplate:
override fun getSupportedAnnotationTypes(): MutableSet<String> = mutableSetOf(AutoUnpack::class.java.name)
override fun getSupportedSourceVersion(): SourceVersion = SourceVersion.latest()
Moving on, there's the processing. Override the process function:
override fun process(annotations: MutableSet<out TypeElement>, roundEnv: RoundEnvironment): Boolean {
// Find elements with the annotation
val annotatedElements = roundEnv.getElementsAnnotatedWith(AutoUnpack::class.java)
if(annotatedElements.isEmpty()) {
// Self-explanatory
return false;
}
// Iterate the elements
annotatedElements.forEach { element ->
// Grab the name and package
val name = element.simpleName.toString()
val pkg = processingEnv.elementUtils.getPackageOf(element).toString()
// Then generate the class
generateClass(name,
if (pkg == "unnamed package") "" else pkg, // This is a patch for an issue where classes in the root
// package return package as "unnamed package" rather than empty,
// which breaks syntax because "package unnamed package" isn't legal.
element)
}
// Return true for success
return true;
}
This just sets up some of the later framework. The real magic happens in the generateClass function:
private fun generateClass(className: String, pkg: String, element: Element){
val elements = element.enclosedElements
val classVariables = elements
.filter {
val name = if (it.simpleName.contains("\$delegate"))
it.simpleName.toString().substring(0, it.simpleName.indexOf("$"))
else it.simpleName.toString()
it.kind == ElementKind.FIELD // Find fields
&& Modifier.STATIC !in it.modifiers // that aren't static (thanks to sebaslogen for issue #1: https://github.com/LunarWatcher/KClassUnpacker/issues/1)
// Additionally, we have to ignore private fields. Extension functions can't access these, and accessing
// them is a bad idea anyway. Kotlin lets you expose get without exposing set. If you, by default, don't
// allow access to the getter, there's a high chance exposing it is a bad idea.
&& elements.any { getter -> getter.kind == ElementKind.METHOD // find methods
&& getter.simpleName.toString() ==
"get${name[0].toUpperCase().toString() + (if (name.length > 1) name.substring(1) else "")}" // that matches the getter name (by the standard convention)
&& Modifier.PUBLIC in getter.modifiers // that are marked public
}
} // Grab the variables
.map {
// Map the name now. Also supports later filtering
if (it.simpleName.endsWith("\$delegate")) {
// Support by lazy
it.simpleName.subSequence(0, it.simpleName.indexOf("$"))
} else it.simpleName
}
if (classVariables.isEmpty()) return; // Self-explanatory
val file = FileSpec.builder(pkg, className)
.addFunction(FunSpec.builder("iterator") // For automatic unpacking in a for loop
.receiver(element.asType().asTypeName().copy()) // Add it as an extension function of the class
.addStatement("return listOf(${classVariables.joinToString(", ")}).iterator()") // add the return statement. Create a list, push an iterator.
.addModifiers(KModifier.PUBLIC, KModifier.OPERATOR) // This needs to be public. Because it's an iterator, the function also needs the `operator` keyword
.build()
).build()
// Grab the generate directory.
val genDir = processingEnv.options["kapt.kotlin.generated"]!!
// Then write the file.
file.writeTo(File(genDir, "$pkg/${element.simpleName.replace("\\.kt".toRegex(), "")}Generated.kt"))
}
All of the relevant lines have comments explaining use, in case you're not familiar with what this does.
Finally, in order to get the processor to process, you need to register it. In the module for the generator, add a file called javax.annotation.processing.Processor under main/resources/META-INF/services. In there you write:
com.package.of.UnpackCodeGenerator
From here, you need to link it using compileOnly and kapt. If you added it as a module to your project, you can do:
kapt project(":ClassUnpacker")
compileOnly project(":ClassUnpacker")
Alternative source setup:
Like I mentioned earlier, I bundled this into a jar for convenience. It's under the same license as SO uses (CC-BY-SA 3.0), and it contains the exact same code as in the answer (although compiled into a single project).
If you want to use this one, just add the Jitpack repo:
repositories {
// Other repos here
maven { url 'https://jitpack.io' }
}
And hook it up with:
kapt 'com.github.LunarWatcher:KClassUnpacker:v1.0.1'
compileOnly "com.github.LunarWatcher:KClassUnpacker:v1.0.1"
Note that the version here may not be up to date: the up to date list of versions is available here. The code in the post still aims to reflect the repo, but versions aren't really important enough to edit every time.
Usage
Regardless of which way you ended up using to get the annotations, the usage is relatively easy:
#AutoUnpack data class ExampleDataClass(val x: String, val y: Int, var m: Boolean)
fun main(a: Array<String>) {
val cls = ExampleDataClass("example", 42, false)
for(field in cls) {
println(field)
}
}
This prints:
example
42
false
Now you have a reflection-less way of iterating fields.
Note that local testing has been done partially with IntelliJ, but IntelliJ doesn't seem to like me - I've had various failed builds where gradlew clean && gradlew build from a command line oddly works fine. I'm not sure whether this is a local problem, or if this is a general problem, but you might have some issues like this if you build from IntelliJ.
Also, you might get errors if the build fails. The IntelliJ linter builds on top of the build directory for some sources, so if the build fails and the file with the extension function isn't generated, that'll cause it to appear as an error. Building usually fixes this when I tested (with both modules and from Jitpack).
You'll also likely have to enable the annotation processor setting if you use Android Studio or IntelliJ.
here is another idea, that i came up with, but am not satisfied with...but it has some pros and cons:
pros:
adding/removing fields to/from the data class causes compiler errors at field-iteration sites
no boiler-plate code needed
cons:
won't work if default values are defined for arguments
declaration:
data class Memento(
val testType: TestTypeData,
val notes: String,
val examinationTime: MillisSinceEpoch?,
val administeredBy: String,
val signature: SignatureViewHolder.SignatureData,
val signerName: String,
val signerRole: SignerRole
) : Serializable
iterating through all fields (can use this directly at call sites, or apply the Visitor pattern, and use this in the accept method to call all the visit methods):
val iterateThroughAllMyFields: Memento = someValue
Memento(
testType = iterateThroughAllMyFields.testType.also { testType ->
// do something with testType
},
notes = iterateThroughAllMyFields.notes.also { notes ->
// do something with notes
},
examinationTime = iterateThroughAllMyFields.examinationTime.also { examinationTime ->
// do something with examinationTime
},
administeredBy = iterateThroughAllMyFields.administeredBy.also { administeredBy ->
// do something with administeredBy
},
signature = iterateThroughAllMyFields.signature.also { signature ->
// do something with signature
},
signerName = iterateThroughAllMyFields.signerName.also { signerName ->
// do something with signerName
},
signerRole = iterateThroughAllMyFields.signerRole.also { signerRole ->
// do something with signerRole
}
)
I'm doing an experiment with wxWebConnect test application, incorporating the xpcom tutorial at "http://nerdlife.net/building-a-c-xpcom-component-in-windows/"
I adapt MyComponent class as necessary to compile together with testapp.exe (not as separate dll), and on MyApp::OnInit I have the following lines:
ns_smartptr<nsIComponentRegistrar> comp_reg;
res = NS_GetComponentRegistrar(&comp_reg.p);
if (NS_FAILED(res))
return false;
ns_smartptr<nsIFactory> prompt_factory;
CreateMyComponentFactory(&prompt_factory.p);
nsCID prompt_cid = MYCOMPONENT_CID;
res = comp_reg->RegisterFactory(prompt_cid,
"MyComponent",
"#mozilla.org/mycomp;1",
prompt_factory);
Those lines are copied from GeckoEngine::Init(), using the same mechanism to register PromptService, etc. The code compiles well and testapp.exe is running as expected.
I put javascript test as below :
try {
netscape.security.PrivilegeManager.enablePrivilege("UniversalXPConnect");
const cid = "#mozilla.org/mycomp;1";
obj = Components.classes[cid].createInstance();
alert(typeof obj);
// bind the instance we just created to our interface
alert(Components.interfaces.nsIMyComponent);
obj = obj.QueryInterface(Components.interfaces.nsIMyComponent);
} catch (err) {
alert(err);
return;
}
and get the following exception:
Could not convert JavaScript argument arg 0 [nsISupport.QueryInterface]
The first alert says "object", so the line
Components.classes[cid].createInstance()
is returning the created instance.
The second alert says "undefined", so the interface nsIMyComponent is not recognized by XULRunner.
How to dynamically registering nsIMyComponent interface in wxWebConnect environment ?
Thx
I'm not sure what is happening here. The first thing I would check is that your component is scriptable (I assume it is, since the demo you copy from is). The next thing I would check is whether you can instantiate other, standard XULRunner components and get their interface (try something like "alert('Components.interfaces.nsIFile');" - at least in my version of wxWebConnect this shows an alert box with string "nsIFile".
Also, I think it would be worth checking the Error Console to make sure there are no errors or warnings reported. A magic string to do that (in Javascript) is:
window.open('chrome://global/content/console.xul', '', 'chrome,dialog=no,toolbar,resizable');