Ribbon load balancer with webclient differs from rest template one (not properly balanced) - load-balancing

Question

I've tried to use WebClient with LoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction:
WebClient config:
#Bean
public WebClient myWebClient(final LoadBalancerExchangeFilterFunction lbFunction) {
return WebClient.builder()
.filter(lbFunction)
.defaultHeader(ACCEPT, APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.defaultHeader(CONTENT_ENCODING, APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
.build();
}
Then I've noticed that calls to underlying service are not properly load balanced - there is constant difference of RPS on each instance.
Then I've tried to move back to RestTemplate. And it's working fine.
Config for RestTemplate:
private static final int CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 18 * DateTimeConstants.MILLIS_PER_SECOND;
private static final int READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS = 18 * DateTimeConstants.MILLIS_PER_SECOND;
#LoadBalanced
#Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplateSearch(final RestTemplateBuilder restTemplateBuilder) {
return restTemplateBuilder
.errorHandler(errorHandlerSearch())
.requestFactory(this::bufferedClientHttpRequestFactory)
.build();
}
private ClientHttpRequestFactory bufferedClientHttpRequestFactory() {
final SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory = new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory();
requestFactory.setConnectTimeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
requestFactory.setReadTimeout(READ_TIMEOUT_MILLIS);
return new BufferingClientHttpRequestFactory(requestFactory);
}
private ResponseErrorHandler errorHandlerSearch() {
return new DefaultResponseErrorHandler() {
#Override
public boolean hasError(ClientHttpResponse response) throws IOException {
return response.getStatusCode().is5xxServerError();
}
};
}
Load balancing using WebClient config up to 11:25, then switching back to RestTemplate:
Is there a reason why there is such difference and how I can use WebClient to have same amount of RPS on each instance? Clue might be that older instances are getting more requests than new ones.
I've tried bit of debugging and same (defaults like ZoneAwareLoadBalancer) logic is being called.

Answer 1

I did simple POC and everything works exactly the same with web client and rest template for default configuration.
Rest server code:
#SpringBootApplication
internal class RestServerApplication
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApplication<RestServerApplication>(*args)
}
class BeansInitializer : ApplicationContextInitializer<GenericApplicationContext> {
override fun initialize(context: GenericApplicationContext) {
serverBeans().initialize(context)
}
}
fun serverBeans() = beans {
bean("serverRoutes") {
PingRoutes(ref()).router()
}
bean<PingHandler>()
}
internal class PingRoutes(private val pingHandler: PingHandler) {
fun router() = router {
GET("/api/ping", pingHandler::ping)
}
}
class PingHandler(private val env: Environment) {
fun ping(serverRequest: ServerRequest): Mono<ServerResponse> {
return Mono
.fromCallable {
// sleap added to simulate some work
Thread.sleep(2000)
}
.subscribeOn(elastic())
.flatMap {
ServerResponse.ok()
.syncBody("pong-${env["HOSTNAME"]}-${env["server.port"]}")
}
}
}
In application.yaml add:
context.initializer.classes: com.lbpoc.server.BeansInitializer
Dependencies in gradle:
implementation('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webflux')
Rest client code:
#SpringBootApplication
internal class RestClientApplication {
#Bean
#LoadBalanced
fun webClientBuilder(): WebClient.Builder {
return WebClient.builder()
}
#Bean
#LoadBalanced
fun restTemplate() = RestTemplateBuilder().build()
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApplication<RestClientApplication>(*args)
}
class BeansInitializer : ApplicationContextInitializer<GenericApplicationContext> {
override fun initialize(context: GenericApplicationContext) {
clientBeans().initialize(context)
}
}
fun clientBeans() = beans {
bean("clientRoutes") {
PingRoutes(ref()).router()
}
bean<PingHandlerWithWebClient>()
bean<PingHandlerWithRestTemplate>()
}
internal class PingRoutes(private val pingHandlerWithWebClient: PingHandlerWithWebClient) {
fun router() = org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.router {
GET("/api/ping", pingHandlerWithWebClient::ping)
}
}
class PingHandlerWithWebClient(private val webClientBuilder: WebClient.Builder) {
fun ping(serverRequest: ServerRequest) = webClientBuilder.build()
.get()
.uri("http://rest-server-poc/api/ping")
.retrieve()
.bodyToMono(String::class.java)
.onErrorReturn(TimeoutException::class.java, "Read/write timeout")
.flatMap {
ServerResponse.ok().syncBody(it)
}
}
class PingHandlerWithRestTemplate(private val restTemplate: RestTemplate) {
fun ping(serverRequest: ServerRequest) = Mono.fromCallable {
restTemplate.getForEntity("http://rest-server-poc/api/ping", String::class.java)
}.flatMap {
ServerResponse.ok().syncBody(it.body!!)
}
}
In application.yaml add:
context.initializer.classes: com.lbpoc.client.BeansInitializer
spring:
application:
name: rest-client-poc-for-load-balancing
logging:
level.org.springframework.cloud: DEBUG
level.com.netflix.loadbalancer: DEBUG
rest-server-poc:
listOfServers: localhost:8081,localhost:8082
Dependencies in gradle:
implementation('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webflux')
implementation('org.springframework.cloud:spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon')
You can try it with two or more instances for server and it works exactly the same with web client and rest template.
Ribbon use by default zoneAwareLoadBalancer and if you have only one zone all instances for server will be registered in "unknown" zone.
You might have a problem with keeping connections by web client. Web client reuse the same connection in multiple requests, rest template do not do that. If you have some kind of proxy between your client and server then you might have a problem with reusing connections by web client. To verify it you can modify web client bean like this and run tests:
#Bean
#LoadBalanced
fun webClientBuilder(): WebClient.Builder {
return WebClient.builder()
.clientConnector(ReactorClientHttpConnector { options ->
options
.compression(true)
.afterNettyContextInit { ctx ->
ctx.markPersistent(false)
}
})
}
Of course it's not a good solution for production but doing that you can check if you have a problem with configuration inside your client application or maybe problem is outside, something between your client and server. E.g. if you are using kubernetes and register your services in service discovery using server node IP address then every call to such service will go though kube-proxy load balancer and will be (by default round robin will be used) routed to some pod for that service.

Answer 2

You have to configure Ribbon config to modify the load balancing behavior (please read below).
By default (which you have found yourself) the ZoneAwareLoadBalancer is being used. In the source code for ZoneAwareLoadBalancer we read:
(highlighted by me are some mechanics which could result in the RPS pattern you see):
The key metric used to measure the zone condition is Average Active Requests, which is aggregated per rest client per zone. It is the
total outstanding requests in a zone divided by number of available targeted instances (excluding circuit breaker tripped instances).
This metric is very effective when timeout occurs slowly on a bad zone.
The LoadBalancer will calculate and examine zone stats of all available zones. If the Average Active Requests for any zone has reached a configured threshold, this zone will be dropped from the active server list. In case more than one zone has reached the threshold, the zone with the most active requests per server will be dropped.
Once the the worst zone is dropped, a zone will be chosen among the rest with the probability proportional to its number of instances.
If your traffic is being served by one zone (perhaps the same box?) then you might get into some additionally confusing situations.
Please also note that without using LoadBallancedFilterFunction the average RPS is the same as when you use it (on the graph all lines converge to the median line) after the change, so globally looking both load balancing strategies consume the same amount of available bandwidth but in a different manner.
To modify your Ribbon client settings, try following:
public class RibbonConfig {
#Autowired
IClientConfig ribbonClientConfig;
#Bean
public IPing ribbonPing (IClientConfig config) {
return new PingUrl();//default is a NoOpPing
}
#Bean
public IRule ribbonRule(IClientConfig config) {
return new AvailabilityFilteringRule(); // here override the default ZoneAvoidanceRule
}
}
Then don't forget to globally define your Ribbon client config:
#SpringBootApplication
#RibbonClient(name = "app", configuration = RibbonConfig.class)
public class App {
//...
}
Hope this helps!