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TEXTJOIN for xl2010/xl2013 with criteria
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If I have different values in different cells, how can I join them together with a function with a delimiter of my own choosing (like "," or "| ", etc.).
For example:
So if you have:
A1: foo
A2: bar
A3: baz
You can type in A4:
=somefunction("",A1:A3)
And you will get in A4:
foo bar baz
Moreover, what if the inputs are results of an array function, like:
{foo, bar, bar}
Maybe a UDF would work?
I know in Microsoft Office 2016 there is the textjoin function, but it is only available for Office 365 subscribers. And this function cannot handle array inputs.
Try this user defined function. It is quite versatile. It will take for input hard-coded strings, single cell, cell ranges, arrays, or any mixture of them. Blanks will be ignored. See the photo for outputs.
Public Function TJoin(Sep As String, ParamArray TxtRng() As Variant) As String
On Error Resume Next
'Sep is the separator, set to "" if you don't want any separator. Separator must be string or single cell, not cell range
'TxtRng is the content you want to join. TxtRng can be string, single cell, cell range or array returned from an array function. Empty content will be ignored
Dim OutStr As String 'the output string
Dim i, j, k, l As Integer 'counters
Dim FinArr(), element As Variant 'the final array and a temporary element when transfering between the two arrays
'Go through each item of TxtRng(), depending on the item type, transform and put it into FinArray()
i = 0 'the counter for TxtRng
j = 0 'the counter for FinArr
k = 0: l = 0 'the counters for the case of array from Excel array formula
Do While i < UBound(TxtRng) + 1
If TypeName(TxtRng(i)) = "String" Then 'specified string like "t"
ReDim Preserve FinArr(0 To j)
FinArr(j) = "blah"
FinArr(j) = TxtRng(i)
j = j + 1
ElseIf TypeName(TxtRng(i)) = "Range" Then 'single cell or range of cell like A1, A1:A2
For Each element In TxtRng(i)
ReDim Preserve FinArr(0 To j)
FinArr(j) = element
j = j + 1
Next
ElseIf TypeName(TxtRng(i)) = "Variant()" Then 'array returned from an Excel array formula
For k = LBound(TxtRng(0), 1) To UBound(TxtRng(0), 1)
For l = LBound(TxtRng(0), 2) To UBound(TxtRng(0), 2)
ReDim Preserve FinArr(0 To j)
FinArr(j) = TxtRng(0)(k, l)
j = j + 1
Next
Next
Else
TJoin = CVErr(xlErrValue)
Exit Function
End If
i = i + 1
Loop
'Put each element of the new array into the join string
For i = LBound(FinArr) To UBound(FinArr)
If FinArr(i) <> "" Then 'Remove this line if you want to include empty strings
OutStr = OutStr & FinArr(i) & Sep
End If
Next
TJoin = Left(OutStr, Len(OutStr) - Len(Sep)) 'remove the ending separator
End Function
Screenshot:
Let's say your cells look like this:
A B
1 find good
2 apples for free
3 online now
4 at from this site:
5 https://www.example.com
You can put in some formulas like:
=tjoin(" ","please",$A$1,$A$3:$A$5)
=tjoin($A$6,$A$1:$A$5,"C1")
=tjoin(" ",IF(LEN($A$1:$A$5)>3,$A$1:$A$5,""))
=tjoin(" ",IF(LEN($A$1:$B$5)>3,$A$1:$B$5,""))
Your results will be:
please find online at https://www.example.com
find -- apples -- online -- at -- https://www.example.com -- C1
find apples online at https://www.example.com
find good apples for free online from this site: https://www.example.com
Related
I am creating a third party add in for my CAD program that has a sub in it that goes through a drawing and finds all the parts lists (BOMS), if any items in the parts list are shared between the BOM (1 part being used in 2 weldments for example) then it changes the item number of the second instance to be that of the first instance. It does this by comparing full file names between the two values. When they match change the number to that of the matcher. I have got this to work but it runs a little slow because for a 100 item BOM each item is compared to 100 and thus that takes a little longer then I would like (about 60seconds to run). After thinking about it I realized I did not need to compare each item to all the items, I just needed to compare until it found a duplicate and then exit the search loop and go to the next value. Example being Item 1 does not need to compare to the rest of the 99 values because even if it does have a match in position 100 I do not want to change item 1s number to that of item 100. I want to change item 100 to that of 1(ie change the duplpicate to that of the first encountered double). For my code however I am having trouble exiting the comparison for loops which is causing me trouble. An example of the trouble is this:
I have 3 BOMs, each one shares Part X, and is numbered 1 in BOM 1, 4 in BOM 2, and 7 in BOM 3. when I run my button because I cannot get it to leave the comparison loop once it finds it first match all the Part X's ended up getting item number 7 from BOM 3 because it is the last instance. (I can get this to do what I want by stepping through my for loops backwards and thus everything ends up as the top most occurrence, but I would like to get my exit fors working because it saves me on unnecessary comparisons)
How do I go about breaking out of the nested for loops using an if conditional?
Here is my current code:
Public Sub MatchingNumberR1()
Debug.Print ThisApplication.Caption
'define active document as drawing doc. Will produce an error if its not a drawing doc
Dim oDrawDoc As DrawingDocument
Set oDrawDoc = ThisApplication.ActiveDocument
'Store all the sheets of drawing
Dim oSheets As Sheets
Set oSheets = oDrawDoc.Sheets
Dim oSheet As Sheet
'Loop through all the sheets
For Each oSheet In oSheets
Dim oPartsLists As PartsLists
Set oPartsLists = oSheet.PartsLists
'Loop through all the part lists on that sheet
Dim oPartList As PartsList
'For every parts list on the sheet
For Each oPartList In oPartsLists
For i3 = 1 To oPartList.PartsListRows.Count
'Store the Item number and file referenced in that row to compare
oItem = FindItem(oPartList)
oDescription = FindDescription(oPartList)
oDescripCheck = oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).Item(oDescription).Value
oNumCheck = oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).Item(oItem).Value
'Check to see if the BOM item is a virtual component if it is do not try and get the reference part
If oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).ReferencedFiles.Count = 0 Then
oRefPart = " "
End If
'Check to see if the BOM item is a virtual component if it is try and get the reference part
If oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).ReferencedFiles.Count > 0 Then
oRefPart = oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).ReferencedFiles.Item(1).FullFileName
End If
MsgBox (" We are comparing " & oRefPart)
'''''Create a comparison loop to go through the drawing that checks the oRefPart against other BOM items and see if there is a match.'''''
'Store all the sheets of drawing
Dim oSheets2 As Sheets
Set oSheets2 = oDrawDoc.Sheets
Dim oSheet2 As Sheet
'For every sheet in the drawing
For Each oSheet2 In oSheets2
'Get all the parts list on a single sheet
Dim oPartsLists2 As PartsLists
Set oPartsLists2 = oSheet2.PartsLists
Dim oPartList2 As PartsList
'For every parts list on the sheet
For Each oPartList2 In oPartsLists2
oItem2 = FindItem(oPartList2)
oDescription2 = FindDescription(oPartList2)
'Go through all the rows of the part list
For i6 = 1 To oPartList2.PartsListRows.Count
'Check to see if the part is a not a virtual component, if not, get the relevent comparison values
If oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).ReferencedFiles.Count > 0 Then
oNumCheck2 = oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).Item(oItem2).Value
oRefPart2 = oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).ReferencedFiles.Item(1).FullFileName
'Compare the file names, if they match change the part list item number for the original to that of the match
If oRefPart = oRefPart2 Then
oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).Item(1).Value = oNumCheck2
''''''''This is where I want it to exit the loop and grab the next original value'''''''
End If
'For virtual components get the following comparison values
ElseIf oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).ReferencedFiles.Count = 0 Then
oNumCheck2 = oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).Item(oItem2).Value
oDescripCheck2 = oPartList2.PartsListRows.Item(i6).Item(oDescription2).Value
'Compare the descriptions and if they match change the part list item number for the original to that of the match
If oDescripCheck = oDescripCheck2 Then
oPartList.PartsListRows.Item(i3).Item(1).Value = oNumCheck2
''''''''This is where I want it to exit the loop and grab the next original value'''''''
End If
Else
''''''''This is where if no matches were found I want it to continue going through the comparison loop'''''''
End If
Next
Next
Next
Next
Next
Next
'MsgBox ("Matching Numbers has been finished")
End Sub
For escape from nested for loop you can use GoTo and specify where.
Sub GoToTest()
Dim a, b, c As Integer
For a = 0 To 1000 Step 100
For b = 0 To 100 Step 10
For c = 0 To 10
Debug.Print vbTab & b + c
If b + c = 12 Then
GoTo nextValueForA
End If
Next
Next
nextValueForA:
Debug.Print a + b + c
Next
End Sub
Here are a few examples that demonstrate (1) breaking out of (exiting) a loop and (2) finding the values in arrays.
The intersection of 2 arrays example can be modified to meet your need to "Create a comparison loop to go through the drawing that checks the oRefPart against other BOM items and see if there is a match." Note, you may find multiple matches between 2 arrays.
Option Explicit
Option Base 0
' Example - break out of loop when condition met.
Public Sub ExitLoopExample()
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer
' let's loop 101 times
For i = 0 To 100:
j = i * 2
'Print the current loop number to the Immediate window
Debug.Print i, j
' Let's decide to break out of the loop is some
' condition is met. In this example, we exit
' the loop if j>=10. However, any condition can
' be used.
If j >= 10 Then Exit For
Next i
End Sub
' Example - break out of inner loop when condition met.
Public Sub ExitLoopExample2()
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer
For i = 1 To 5:
For j = 1 To 5
Debug.Print i, j
' if j >= 2 then, exit the inner loop.
If j >= 2 Then Exit For
Next j
Next i
End Sub
Public Sub FindItemInArrayExample():
' Find variable n in array arr.
Dim intToFind As Integer
Dim arrToSearch As Variant
Dim x, y
intToFind = 4
arrToSearch = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
x = FindItemInArray(FindMe:=intToFind, _
ArrayToSearch:=arrToSearch)
If IsEmpty(x) Then
Debug.Print intToFind; "not found in arrToSearch"
Else
Debug.Print "found "; x
End If
intToFind = 12
y = FindItemInArray(FindMe:=intToFind, _
ArrayToSearch:=arrToSearch)
If IsEmpty(y) Then
Debug.Print intToFind; "not found in arrToSearch"
Else
Debug.Print "found "; y
End If
End Sub
Public Function FindItemInArray(FindMe, ArrayToSearch As Variant):
Dim i As Integer
For i = LBound(ArrayToSearch) To UBound(ArrayToSearch)
If FindMe = ArrayToSearch(i) Then
FindItemInArray = ArrayToSearch(i)
Exit For
End If
Next i
End Function
' Create a comparison loop to go through the drawing that checks
' the oRefPart against other BOM items and see if there is a match.
Public Sub ArrayIntersectionExample():
Dim exampleArray1 As Variant, exampleArray2 As Variant
Dim arrIntersect As Variant
Dim i As Integer
' Create two sample arrays to compare
exampleArray1 = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
exampleArray2 = Array(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16)
' Call our ArrayIntersect function (defined below)
arrIntersect = ArrayIntersect(exampleArray1, exampleArray2)
' Print the results to the Immediate window
For i = LBound(arrIntersect) To UBound(arrIntersect)
Debug.Print "match " & i + 1, arrIntersect(i)
Next i
End Sub
Public Function ArrayIntersect(arr1 As Variant, arr2 As Variant) As Variant:
' Find items that exist in both arr1 and arr2 (intersection).
' Return the intersection as an array (Variant).
Dim arrOut() As Variant
Dim matchIndex As Long
Dim i As Long, j As Long
' no matches yet
matchIndex = -1
' begin looping through arr1
For i = LBound(arr1) To UBound(arr1)
' sub-loop for arr2 for each item in arr1
For j = LBound(arr2) To UBound(arr2)
' check for match
If arr1(i) = arr2(j) Then
' we found an item in both arrays
' increment match counter, which we'll
' use to size our output array
matchIndex = matchIndex + 1
' resize our output array to fit the
' new match
ReDim Preserve arrOut(matchIndex)
' now store the new match our output array
arrOut(matchIndex) = arr1(i)
End If
Next j
Next i
' Have the function return the output array.
ArrayIntersect = arrOut
End Function
I have a macro that allows me to open multiple files based on their names and copy sheets based on a criteria (if there's a value in column "X" then copy the row but only some colums "F,G,P,Q,W,X,Y) to another unique workbook.
the problem is in column F i have a color and i want to retrieve the color index but the macro leaves it blank
[1] Get data from A1:Z{n}
n = ws.Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row ' find last row number n
v = ws.Range("A10:Y" & n).Value2 ' get data cols A:Y and omit header row
[2] build array containing found rows
a = buildAr2(v, 24) ' search in column X = 24
' [3a] Row Filter based on criteria
v = Application.Transpose(Application.Index(v, _
a, _
Application.Evaluate("row(1:" & 26 & ")"))) ' all columns from A to Z
[3b] Column Filter F,G,P,Q,W,X,Y
v = Application.Transpose(Application.Transpose(Application.Index(v, _
Application.Evaluate("row(1:" & UBound(a) - LBound(a) + 1 & ")"), _
Array(6, 7, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25)))) ' only cols F,G,P,Q,W,X,Y
Function buildAr2(v, ByVal vColumn&, Optional criteria) As Variant
' Purpose: Helper function to check in Column X
' Note: called by main function MultiCriteria in section [2]
Dim found&, found2&, i&, j&, n&, ar: ReDim ar(0 To UBound(v) - 1)
howMany = 0 ' reset boolean value to default
For i = LBound(v) To UBound(v)
If Len(Trim(v(i, vColumn))) > 0 Then
ar(n) = i
n = n + 1
End If
Next i
If n < 2 Then
howMany = n: n = 2
Else
howMany = n
End If
ReDim Preserve ar(0 To n - 1)
buildAr2 = ar
End Function
How to copy filtered array values together with color format (column F)
You got the solution to filter a data field Array v by row AND column using the Application.Index property and write these data to a target sheet - c.f. Multi criteria selection with VBA
Your issue was to find a way to write not only data, but also the source color formatting of column F to the target cells, as an array per se contains values and no color info.
Write the filtered information to a defined STARTROW (e.g. 10), then you can use the item numbers of array a adding a headline offset headerIncrement) to reconstruct the source row numbers by a simple loop in order to get/write the color formats, too:
Code addition
' [4a] Copy results array to target sheet, e.g. start row at A10
Const STARTROW& = 10
ws2.Cells(STARTROW, 1).Offset(0, 0).Resize(UBound(v), UBound(v, 2)) = v
' **************************************************************************
' [4b] Copy color formats using available item number information in array a
' **************************************************************************
Dim sourceColumn&: sourceColumn = 6 ' <<~~ source column F = 6
Dim targetColumn&: targetColumn = 1 ' <<~~ becomes first target column
Dim headerIncrement&: headerIncrement = STARTROW - 1
For i = 0 To UBound(a)
ws2.Cells(i + headerIncrement, targetColumn).Offset(1, 26).Interior.Color = _
ws.Cells(a(i) + headerIncrement, sourceColumn).Interior.Color
Next i
Side Note Don't forget to set Option Explicit to force declaration of variables and to declare the variable howMany (used in both procedures) in the declaration head of your code module.
I have no idea where the problem is, but you asked:
the problem is in column F i have a color and i want to retrieve the
color index but the macro leaves it blank
Here's how you retrieve the colorindex from Cell A1:
col = Range("A1").Interior.ColorIndex
I would suggest you try retrieving it and if you run into a problem: open a question with your example, as Pᴇʜ suggested.
In addition to the comments above by #Pᴇʜ, the fact that you are mainly dealing with v, a variant array of strings, is going to be a limiting factor. You are going to have to deal with a Range if you want the .Interior.ColorIndex property of the cell (Range).
Also, if you want to be precise about the color, use color instead of ColorIndex.
ColorIndex will return the closest indexed color.
I have been using this code as a starting point: https://danwagner.co/how-to-transpose-horizontal-data-to-vertical-data-for-easy-pivot-tables/
One one of my cells Ax (x referring to the number), the content is ABCDEFGHI and I want to substring the cells every 2 characters, and the last set is 3 characters. Final result looks like:
AB CD EF GHI
At line 44, using the variable
varDetails = .Range(.Cells(lngIdx, 1), .Cells(lngIdx, 4))
and think that is where I need to modify the code. I am not fluent enough with VBA and need some help.
To split the data from your string you can use the following code
Sub SplitStringEveryTwoCharacters()
Dim arrayWithValuesByTwo() As String
Dim myString As String
'Just replace with your data
myString = "ABCDEFGHIJKLM"
'Resize
ReDim arrayWithValuesByTwo(Len(myString) - 1)
'For each 2 character in string
For i = 1 To Len(myString) Step 2
'Add in array
If (i <= Len(myString) - 1) Then
arrayWithValuesByTwo(i - 1) = Mid$(myString, i, 2)
End If
If (i = Len(myString)) Then
arrayWithValuesByTwo(i - 1) = Mid$(myString, i, 1)
End If
Next
End Sub
What you need to change
Here I have set my string into a variable with myString = "ABCDEFGHIJKLM" but you can easily change this and take it directly from a cell with something like myString = Range("A5").
You can access you data with arrayWithValuesByTwo(1) for example. Just loop through it to get all of the values.
I am writing a VBA code that goes through a defined matrix size and filling cells randomly within its limits.
I got the code here from a user on stackoverflow, but after testing it I realized that it does not fit for avoiding duplicate filling, and for instance when filling 5 cells, I could only see 4 cells filled, meaning that the random filling worked on a previously filled cell.
This is the code I'm working with:
Dim lRandom As Long
Dim sCells As String
Dim sRandom As String
Dim rMolecules As Range
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer
Dim lArea As Long
lArea = 400 '20x20
'Populate string of cells that make up the container so they can be chosen at random
For i = 1 To 20
For j = 1 To 20
sCells = sCells & "|" & Cells(i, j).Address
Next j
Next i
sCells = sCells & "|"
'Color the molecules at random
For i = 1 To WorksheetFunction.Min(5, lArea)
Randomize
lRandom = Int(Rnd() * 400) + 1
sRandom = Split(sCells, "|")(lRandom)
Select Case (i = 1)
Case True: Set rMolecules = Range(sRandom)
Case Else: Set rMolecules = Union(rMolecules, Range(Split(sCells, "|")(lRandom)))
End Select
sCells = Replace(sCells, "|" & sRandom & "|", "|")
lArea = lArea - 1
Next i
rMolecules.Interior.ColorIndex = 5
Using this same exact code which works perfectly, WHAT can I insert and WHERE do I do that so that the code would check if a cell is previously already filled with a string or a color?
I feel as though this code I'm looking for should be right before
rMolecules.Interior.ColorIndex = 5
But I'm not sure what to type.
EDIT
From the comments I realized that I should be more specific.
I am trying to randomly fill cells with the blue color (.ColorIndex = 5), but what I need to check first is if the randomizing hadn't marked a cell twice, so that for instance in this case, if I want to mark 5 different cells, it marks only 4 of them because of a duplicate and thus fills only 4 cells with the blue color. I need to avoid that and make it choose another cell to mark/fill.
I'd appreciate your help.
Keep the cells you use in a Collection and remove them as you fill the random cells:
Sub FillRandomCells(targetRange As Range, numberOfCells As Long)
' populate collection of unique cells
Dim c As Range
Dim targetCells As New Collection
' make sure arguments make sense
If numberOfCells > targetRange.Cells.Count Then
Err.Raise vbObjectError, "FillRandomCells()", _
"Number of cells to be changed can not exceed number of cells in range"
End If
For Each c In targetRange.Cells
targetCells.Add c
Next
' now pick random 5
Dim i As Long, randomIndex As Long
Dim upperbound As Long
Dim lowerbound As Long
For i = 1 To numberOfCells
lowerbound = 1 ' collections start with 1
upperbound = targetCells.Count ' changes as we are removing cells we used
randomIndex = Int((upperbound - lowerbound + 1) * Rnd + lowerbound)
Set c = targetCells(randomIndex)
targetCells.Remove randomIndex ' remove so we don't use it again!
c.Interior.Color = 5 ' do what you need to do here
Next
End Sub
Sub testFillRandomCells()
FillRandomCells ActiveSheet.[a1:t20], 5
FillRandomCells ActiveSheet.[b25:f30], 3
End Sub
EDIT: Changed to make the target range and number of changed cells configurable as arguments to a function. Also added error checking (always do that!).
Why not build a list of random numbers and place in a Scripting.Dictionary, one can use the Dictionary's Exist method to detect duplicates, loop through until you have enough then you can enter your colouring code confident that you have a unique list.
Situation
I have a UDF that works with a range that it is passed that is of variable height and 2 columns wide. The first row will contain text in column 1 and an empty column2. The remainder of column 1 will contain unsorted text with an associated value in the same row in column 2. I need to sort the data such that if some text in column 1 also appears in some other text in column.
Problem
My VBA skills are all self taught and mimimal at best. I remember a few decades ago in university we did bubble sorts and played with pointers, but I no longer remember how we achieved any of that. I do well reading code but creating is another story.
Objective
I need to generate a sort procedure that will produce unique text towards the bottom of the list. I'll try wording this another way. If text in column1 can be found within other text in column, that the original text need to be placed below the other text it can be found in along with its associated data in column 2. The text is case sensitive. Its not an ascending or descending sort.
I am not sure if its a restriction of the UDF or not, but the list does not need to be written back to excel, it just needs to be available for use in my UDF.
What I have
Public Function myFunk(rng As Range) As Variant
Dim x As Integer
Dim Datarange As Variant
Dim Equation As String
Dim VariablesLength As Integer
Dim Variable As String
Datarange = rng.Value
'insert something around here to get the list "rng or Datarange" sorted
'maybe up or down a line of code depending on how its being done.
Equation = Datarange(1, 1)
For x = 2 To UBound(Datarange, 1)
VariablesLength = Len(Datarange(x, 1)) - 1
Variable = Left$(Datarange(x, 1), VariablesLength)
Equation = Replace$(Equation, Variable, Datarange(x, 2))
Next x
myFunk = rng.Worksheet.Evaluate(Equation)
End Function
Example Data
Any help with this would be much appreciated. In that last example I should point out that the "=" is not part of the sort. I have a routine that strips that off the end of the string.
So in order to achieve what I was looking for I added a SWAP procedure and changed my code to look like this.
Public Function MyFunk(rng As Range) As Variant
Dim x As Integer
Dim y As Integer
Dim z As Integer
Dim datarange As Variant
Dim Equation As String
Dim VariablesLength As Integer
Dim Variable As String
'convert the selected range into an array
datarange = rng.Value
'verify selected range is of right shape/size
If UBound(datarange, 1) < 3 Or UBound(datarange, 2) <> 2 Then
MyFunk = CVErr(xlErrNA)
Exit Function
End If
'strip the equal sign off the end if its there
For x = 2 To UBound(datarange, 1)
If Right$(datarange(x, 1), 1) = "=" Then
datarange(x, 1) = Left$(datarange(x, 1), Len(datarange(x, 1)) - 1)
End If
Next x
'sort the array so that a variable does not get substituted into another variable
'do a top down swap and repeat? Could have sorted by length apparently.
For x = 2 To UBound(datarange, 1) - 1
For y = x + 1 To UBound(datarange, 1)
If InStr(1, datarange(y, 1), datarange(x, 1)) <> 0 Then
For z = LBound(datarange, 2) To UBound(datarange, 2)
Call swap(datarange(y, z), datarange(x, z))
Next z
y = UBound(datarange, 1)
x = x - 1
End If
Next y
Next x
'Set the Equation
Equation = datarange(1, 1)
'Replace the variables in the equation with values
For x = 2 To UBound(datarange, 1)
Equation = Replace$(Equation, datarange(x, 1), datarange(x, 2))
Next x
'rest of function here
End Function
Public Sub swap(A As Variant, B As Variant)
Dim Temp As Variant
Temp = A
A = B
B = Temp
End Sub
I sorted by checking to see if text would substitute into other text in the list. Byron Wall made a good point that I could have sorted based on text length. Since I had completed this before I saw the suggestion it did not get implemented though I think it may have been a simpler approach.