I have two USRP N210s connected together as a receiver and transmitter and I'm trying to send multi tone signals across the channel. However, I am finding extra frequency spikes mirrored about the centre frequency for when I send a signal with more than 2 tones.
I am using a low pass filter at the output with a cutoff frequency of 200kHz and the signal I am sending is constrained to 0-200kHz. I have an out of tree module that creates the multi tone signals that are evenly distributed within this bandwidth.
As I increase the number of tones the reflected frequency components become more and more prominent to the point at which I can barely correlate the input and output signals.
This is what the transmitted multi tone signals looks like
And here is the flowchart at the receiver end
The center frequency of the USRP source (receiver) is given by
uhd.tune_request(center_freq, rf_freq=(center_freq + lo_offset),rf_freq_policy=uhd.tune_request.POLICY_MANUAL)
which evaluates to 2.48GHz for which is the baseband frequency for the transmitting USRP
It may be something to do with the down conversion in the USRP or when GNURadio is actually sampling from the receiver with respect to this process.
Removing the LPF and connecting the FFT sink to the USRP source doesn't fix anything. The extra frequency spikes are still there (assuming the number of tones > 2)
You're not specifying how you transmit your tones into the RX port of your USRP, but the most likely thing to have happened here is that you didn't use sufficient attenuation between TX and RX – and you're saturating the RX amplifier chain (hopefully not damaging it).
By saturating, you drive them into nonlinear operation, which would lead to a broadband intermodulation.
Related
I have connected and external MCP3208 to my raspi PICO since my application requires atleast 8 reading simultaneously I use MCP3208. The problem is that the reading jumps not in the ranges of+/- 10 but 100s.I have to read maximum of 1V. The reference voltage is connected to the 3.3V. Also on measuring the input voltage at ADC it was constant. For example I measured a 0.189V at one of the channel but the ADC reading give values between 120 and 300.
Im currently creating a satellite ground station which will be used to control our cubesat in coming months. The modulation scheme used is GFSK and the baud rate is 9600. I have tried to run some tests by using a USRP board before I could try to communicate with the satellite by directly connecting the tx and rx blocks in the flowgraph.I was able to send and receive a png file using this flowgraph.
However, when I connect the tx and rx output to my USRP B210 TX/RX(transmission sink) and RX2(reception source) as shown below, I receive no data even though the two the source and sinks have been connected to each other carefully by RF cables with attenuators.
Below are the assumptions I took into account when I was making the second flowgraph. Please tell me if im on the right path.
Transmitter side : The packet decoder and GFSK mod blocks use 20 samples per symbol. Baud rate is 9600 and sample rate is 20*baud rate = 192K. Since the expected symbol rate by the satellite is baud_rate = 9600, I included a rational resampler and set UHD symbol rate to baud_rate. Is my logic correct?
GFSK mod and demod : For both of these blocks, I calculated sensitivity as S = Pi * Modulation_index/Samples_Per_Symbol. The default BT value of 0.5 is used. Are my calculations sound? Is there a link for to find documentation for GFSK blocks? My derivations are based on the GFSK python source code which is a poor substitute for documentation.
Packet Encoder/Decoder : The output of packet decoder is null even though the GFSK demod block give some kind of output which is rather meaningless. Is this normal? What is the meaning of the threshold variable and why its value is -1?
I'm a newbie in GNU Radio as well as GFSK in general. So please drop me any further references.
Thanks in advance.
Moses.
I was finally able to solve the problem. All I did was re-implementing the GFSK demod in GRC. If you go into source of gfsk.py, you will find out that the blocks used are Quadrature Demod --> M&M Clock recovery --> Binary slicer which can easily be connected in GRC directly. As Marcus suggested in my other thread, GFSK demodulation with Xlating filter in GNU Radio , I replaced the M&M Clock recovery block with PFB block. My flowgraph is shown below.
Even if I can not answer all of your questions, I provide below some thoughts:
When using hardware devices the Throttle MUST be removed from the flow-graph. The hardware device is now responsible for the rate limiting. Mixing hardware device and the Throttle block may break the real-time boundary of your flow-graph required by the device. Underflows or Overflows messages should be produced by the UHD driver in such a case.
Are you sure that the USRP can support the requested sampling rate? You may need also to change the master_clock_rate of the device, if the requested sampling rate is not an integer decimation of the clock. If this is not possible consider some kind of re-sampling.
EDIT: The B200 can not provide 192e3 sampling rate with the default clock. You can set the master_clock_rate at 19.2e6. The hardware will apply then the proper decimation. The master_clock_rate can be changed either by the device specific arguments or the Clock Rate field of the UHD Sink/Source blocks that presents in the latests GNU Radio versions.
I have a SCB 68A connector from National Instruments and I want to read out the open voltage from it. So I used the example code provided by National Instruments (https://decibel.ni.com/content/docs/DOC-28502):
I got 5 mV which is a reasonable value (I measured the noise signal with an oscilloscope). Now I want to read out the noise signal from few channels. So I sightly changed the VI (according to the documentation I need to create an array of channels and flatten them):
But now I read out approximately 200 mV on both channels (and one of them is the same as in the first VI). It doesn't make any sense.
What am I doing wrong?
I want the user to be able to choose the channels, so I can't just write "Dev1/ai0:4".
Edit: I'm using the DAQ 14.0.0.
Edit 2: 1) There is nothing connected to the deivce - I just want to read out the noise signal.
2) I'm using the connector in the MIO with the disabled temperature sensor mode (the default configuration).
You are observing charge injection from the DAQ device's multiplexer. Connect each aiN terminal to aignd and you will be able to measure the noise of the DAQ device.
Charge Injection
Most NI DAQ boards have a single analog to digital converter (ADC) and provide multiple input channels by using a multiplexer (MUX) to switch the input of the ADC to the different analog input terminals ai0, ai1, etc:
As NI explains, when the DAQ device's multiplexer moves from one channel to the next, it can introduce a small charge on each channel. Since the open channel does not have a path for this charge to dissipate, the voltage of the channel will increase. This can also cause the channel to rail, slowly floating up to the maximum input voltage (usually 10 V).
Characterizing Noise
You can determine the noise of each component in your system by:
Measuring the noise of the DAQ device
Measuring the noise of the DAQ device and terminal block
Subtracting the DAQ device noise (step 1) from the system noise (step 2)
When you're finished, the value from step 1 is the noise of the DAQ device, and the value from step 3 is the noise of the SCB-68.
To measure the noise of an electric path, there must be a complete circuit for the ADC to sample. For step 1, connect each aiN terminal to aignd and run your VI. For step 2, connect the terminal block to the DAQ device, disconnect the sensor, and connect the terminal block's channel terminals to its ground terminal and run your VI.
Minimizing Noise
In addition to charge injection, noise can be introduced to a DAQ system from several sources, including the environment. Open terminals act like small antennas and receive radiated energy from other electronics, lights, and the AC mains.
The link also outlines how to find and minimize noise, but the gist is:
Systematically identify the sources of the noise.
Remove sources of noise that aren't necessary for your measurements.
Depending on the nature and source of the remaining noise, use appropriate shielding, cabling, and terminal configuration.
Over-sample and average the signal.
Please have a look on the links below:
http://forums.ni.com/t5/Multifunction-DAQ/How-to-use-DAQmx-Read-to-measure-multiple-analog-channels/td-p/2620949
http://digital.ni.com/public.nsf/allkb/A3A05920BF915F1486256D210069BE49
There is the complete solution to your question.
I'm doing a USB device is to control stepper motors. I've done this before using a parallel port. because these ports do not exist in current motherboards, I decided to implement a USB communication between my device and the PC (host).
To achieve My objective, I endowed the freescale microcontroller the device with that has a USB module 12Mbps.
My USB device must receive 4 bytes (one for each motor driver) at a given time, because every byte is a step that should move the engine.
In the PC (Host) an application of user processes a text file with information and make the trajectory coordinates sending bytes at a certain rate for each motor (time is trivial to achieve the acceleration and speed of the motors) .
Using the parallel port was an easy the task because each byte is sent sequentially to a time determined by the user app.
doing a little research about full speed USB protocol understood that the frame is sent every 1ms.
then you can send 4 byte or many more every 1ms but I can not manage time like I did with the parallel port.
My microcontroller can send up to 64 bytes per frame (Based on transfer papers type Control, Bulk, Int, Iso ..).
question 1:
I want to know in what way I can send 4-byte packets faster than every 1 ms?
question 2:
What type of transfer can advise me for these type of devices?
Thanks.
Like Ricardo said, USB-serial will suffice.
As for the type of transfer, try implementing a CDC stack and use your SCI receiver to listen for PC commands. That will give you a receive buffer which will meet your needs.
Initialize your SCI (baud, etc)
Enable receiver and interrupt
On data receive, move it to your 4-byte command buffer
Clear receive buffer, wait for more
When you have all 4 bytes, fire off the steppers! Four bytes should take µs.
Check with Freescale to see if your processor is supported.
http://cache.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/support_info/USB_STACK_RELEASE_NOTES_V4.1.1.pdf?fpsp=1
There might even be some sample code to get you started.
-Cheers
I am achieving the same goal (driving/control CNC machines) like this:
the USB device is just synchronous I/O parallel port. Using continuous bulk transfer one pipe as input and one as output. This way I was able to achieve synchronous 64bit parallel communication with ~70KHz sample rate. It uses traffic around (i)4.27+(o)4.27 MBit/s that is limit for mine MCU and code. Bigger speeds cause jitter on the output due to USB events interrupts.
How to do it (on MCU side)
I have 2 FIFO's one for ingoing and one for outgoing data. I have timer interrupt occurring with sample rate frequency. In it I read the inputs and feed it to the first FIFO and read data from the other FIFO and send it to the outputs.
On top of that the USB task is called (inside the same interrupt) checking FIFO for sending to and incoming data from USB handling the transfer itself
I choose ATMEL AT32UC3A chips for this task. After a long and pain full research I decided these MCU's because they have enough memory for both FIFO's and program so no need for additional IC. It has FPGA package which can be used (BGA is not an option). It has HS USB (most USB MCU's have only FS like yours). It runs at 66MHz. It supports many interesting features (did interesting projects with it in the past) and of coarse I have experience with ATMEL MCU's from past
So if you want to achieve something similar then
start with bulk transfer (PC -> USB -> MCU -> output)
add FIFO if needed
do not know the sample rate you need. The old LPT's could handle from 80-196KHz depend on the manufactor. The modern ones are much much slower (which is silly and sad).
measure the critical sample rate
you need oscilloscope or very good hearing for this. The output data must be synchronous so no holes in it, no jitter, etc...
if any of these are present you have to lower the sample rate. Mine setup could handle even 1MHz sample rate but the USB jitter was present (sometimes USB event froze the sending for longer that one sample...) so I achieve only 70KHz of stable output.
if needed also inputs then add them
but only if the output is working as it should. Do not forget to lower the sample rate after this too ... Use separate bulk pipes and FIFOs for input and output.
I don't have much knowledge about microcontrollers. In my project, I need to shift the sine wave. Here, I want to know, if I feed pure sine at port A pin 2. Then, will i get the shifted version of pure sine wave at port B pin 2 . will the following instruction work?
Inialise port A as input and port B as output
call delay
portb=porta
we can generate sine wave using DAC in microcontroller. But, as it is not perfect, it wont meet required conditions.
First of all the input needs to be to an ADC, and the output needs to be from a DAC (or a PWM with appropriate output filtering). It is not clear from your question that the pins you have chosen are appropriate for that.
If you are generating the sine from the DAC, why would you apply it to an input only to output it again? If you need two sine waves shifted in phase, why not simply generate calculated outputs from two DAC or PWM? Either way you need two analogue outputs, but that way you do not need any input. A PWM will need greater analogue filtering than a DAC and is likely to support lower bandwidth, but most microcontroller have more PWMs than DACs.
You cannot simply call a delay than copy port a to port b, that would be simply be a copy of a to b after a delay. You need to take samples from A and place then in a FIFO buffer, then apply the output of the FIFO to B. The length of the FIFO determines the delay.
A microcontroller is not an analogue device, you cannot put in an analogue signal on just any old pin and and transfer that signal to another pin. Most pins are digital GPIO, they except just two states representing 0 or 1. No matter what voltage you apply, it will be interpreted as either high or low.
Rather you will have to use an ADC input, sample at sufficiently high frequency, delay the samples through a FIFO, then apply the delayed samples to a DAC. Reconstruction of a "pure" sine wave from the quantized DAC output requires analogue filtering circuitry. With a filter cut-off lower than half the sampling rate you will recover a reasonably good representation of the original signal (which can be any signal with components below half the sampling frequency - it need not be a sine wave). If you do use a more complex signal, you will need to analogue filter the input to remove components above half the sampling rate to avoid aliasing.
It might be possible to do all that on one chip using a Cypress PSoC, since these are hybrid chips with reconfigurable analogue elements as well as a microcontroller.