c++ program multiple declaraton error - syntax-error

I am getting multiple declaration error in this c++ program
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{ clrscr();
int a[10][10],r,q,i;
cout<<"enter how many rows and colomn you want in the matrix:";
cin>>n;
cout<<"enter the matrix \n";
for(int r=0;r<n;++r)
{
for(int q=0;q<n;++q)
{
cin>>a[r][q];
}
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{ cout<<"\n the diagnol elements are:";
cout<<a[n-i-1][i];
}
getch();
}
it is a program for finding diagnol elements in a matrix

That's because you have already declared the r, q, i as int at line 5 as below:
int a[10][10],r,q,i;
^^^^^
While your three for loops, again re-declares for e.g. like this:
for(int r=0;r<n;++r)
^^^
So it re-declares the same variable in above case it's r, while the other for loop q and i which is not allowed.
Two ways to solve the problem:
a. Either you remove int from your for loop.
b. Either you remove declaration of variables used in for loop from line 5.

The only issue i am seeing is, you are not declaring the variable "n" . Other than that, everything seems to be fine.

Related

Parallel Dynamic Programming with CUDA

It is my first attempt to implement recursion with CUDA. The goal is to extract all the combinations from a set of chars "12345" using the power of CUDA to parallelize dynamically the task. Here is my kernel:
__device__ char route[31] = { "_________________________"};
__device__ char init[6] = { "12345" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth) {
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
// newroute = route - idx
int x = depth * 6;
printf("%s\n", route);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<6; ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
route[i+x-o] = init[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
Recursive<<<1,newlen>>>(depth + 1);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1,5>>>(0);
}
The idea is to exclude 1 item (the item corresponding to the threadIdx) in each different thread. In each recursive call, using the variable depth, it works over a different base (variable x) on the route device variable.
I expect the kernel prompts something like:
2345_____________________
1345_____________________
1245_____________________
1234_____________________
2345_345_________________
2345_245_________________
2345_234_________________
2345_345__45_____________
2345_345__35_____________
2345_345__34_____________
..
2345_245__45_____________
..
But it prompts ...
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·_____________
·2345
·2345
·2345
·2345
...
What I´m doing wrong?
What I´m doing wrong?
I may not articulate every problem with your code, but these items should get you a lot closer.
I recommend providing a complete example. In my view it is basically required by Stack Overflow, see item 1 here, note use of the word "must". Your example is missing any host code, including the original kernel call. It's only a few extra lines of code, why not include it? Sure, in this case, I can deduce what the call must have been, but why not just include it? Anyway, based on the output you indicated, it seems fairly evident the launch configuration of the host launch would have to be <<<1,1>>>.
This doesn't seem to be logical to me:
I expect the kernel prompts something like:
2345_____________________
The very first thing your kernel does is print out the route variable, before making any changes to it, so I would expect _____________________. However we can "fix" this by moving the printout to the end of the kernel.
You may be confused about what a __device__ variable is. It is a global variable, and there is only one copy of it. Therefore, when you modify it in your kernel code, every thread, in every kernel, is attempting to modify the same global variable, at the same time. That cannot possibly have orderly results, in any thread-parallel environment. I chose to "fix" this by making a local copy for each thread to work on.
You have an off-by-1 error, as well as an extent error in this loop:
for (int i = 0; i<6; ++i)
The off-by-1 error is due to the fact that you are iterating over 6 possible items (that is, i can reach a value of 5) but there are only 5 items in your init variable (the 6th item being a null terminator. The correct indexing starts out over 0-4 (with one of those being skipped). On subsequent iteration depths, its necessary to reduce this indexing extent by 1. Note that I've chosen to fix the first error here by increasing the length of init. There are other ways to fix, of course. My method inserts an extra _ between depths in the result.
You assume that at each iteration depth, the correct choice of items is the same, and in the same order, i.e. init. However this is not the case. At each depth, the choices of items must be selected not from the unchanging init variable, but from the choices passed from previous depth. Therefore we need a local, per-thread copy of init also.
A few other comments about CUDA Dynamic Parallelism (CDP). When passing pointers to data from one kernel scope to a child scope, local space pointers cannot be used. Therefore I allocate for the local copy of route from the heap, so it can be passed to child kernels. init can be deduced from route, so we can use an ordinary local variable for myinit.
You're going to quickly hit some dynamic parallelism (and perhaps memory) limits here if you continue this. I believe the total number of kernel launches for this is 5^5, which is 3125 (I'm doing this quickly, I may be mistaken). CDP has a pending launch limit of 2000 kernels by default. We're not hitting this here according to what I see, but you'll run into that sooner or later if you increase the depth or width of this operation. Furthermore, in-kernel allocations from the device heap are by default limited to 8KB. I don't seem to be hitting that limit, but probably I am, so my design should probably be modified to fix that.
Finally, in-kernel printf output is limited to the size of a particular buffer. If this technique is not already hitting that limit, it will soon if you increase the width or depth.
Here is a worked example, attempting to address the various items above. I'm not claiming it is defect free, but I think the output is closer to your expectations. Note that due to character limits on SO answers, I've truncated/excerpted some of the output.
$ cat t1639.cu
#include <stdio.h>
__device__ char route[31] = { "_________________________"};
__device__ char init[7] = { "12345_" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth, const char *oroute) {
char *nroute = (char *)malloc(31);
char myinit[7];
if (depth == 0) memcpy(myinit, init, 6);
else memcpy(myinit, oroute+(depth-1)*6, 6);
myinit[6] = 0;
if (nroute == NULL) {printf("oops\n"); return;}
memcpy(nroute, oroute, 30);
nroute[30] = 0;
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
// newroute = route - idx
int x = depth * 6;
//printf("%s\n", nroute);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i<(6-depth); ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
nroute[i+x-o] = myinit[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
printf("%s\n", nroute);
Recursive<<<1,newlen>>>(depth + 1, nroute);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1,5>>>(0, route);
}
int main(){
RecursiveCount<<<1,1>>>();
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
}
$ nvcc -o t1639 t1639.cu -rdc=true -lcudadevrt -arch=sm_70
$ cuda-memcheck ./t1639
========= CUDA-MEMCHECK
2345_____________________
1345_____________________
1245_____________________
1235_____________________
1234_____________________
2345__345________________
2345__245________________
2345__235________________
2345__234________________
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1345__345________________
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...
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1235__1235__125___12____2
1235__1235__125___12____1
1235__1235__123___23_____
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1235__1235__123___12_____
1235__1235__123___23____3
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1235__1235__123___13____3
1235__1235__123___13____1
1235__1235__123___12____2
1235__1235__123___12____1
1234__234________________
1234__134________________
1234__124________________
1234__123________________
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1234__234___34___________
1234__234___24___________
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1234__234___234__________
1234__234___34____4______
1234__234___34____3______
1234__234___34____34_____
1234__234___34____4______
1234__234___34____4_____4
1234__234___34____3______
1234__234___34____3_____3
1234__234___34____34____4
1234__234___34____34____3
1234__234___24____4______
1234__234___24____2______
1234__234___24____24_____
1234__234___24____4______
1234__234___24____4_____4
1234__234___24____2______
1234__234___24____2_____2
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1234__234___23____3_____3
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1234__234___234___34_____
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1234__234___234___34____4
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1234__134___34___________
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1234__134___34____3______
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1234__134___34____3_____3
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1234__134___13____13____1
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1234__134___134___34____3
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1234__124___24___________
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1234__124___124__________
1234__124___24____4______
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1234__1234__234__________
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1234__1234__124___24____2
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1234__1234__123___23_____
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1234__1234__123___12____1
========= ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors
$
The answer given by Robert Crovella is correct at the 5th point, the mistake was in the using of init in every recursive call, but I want to clarify something that can be useful for other beginners with CUDA.
I used this variable because when I tried to launch a child kernel passing a local variable I always got the exception: Error: a pointer to local memory cannot be passed to a launch as an argument.
As I´m C# expert developer I´m not used to using pointers (Ref does the low-level-work for that) so I thought there was no way to do it in CUDA/c programming.
As Robert shows in its code it is possible copying the pointer with memalloc for using it as a referable argument.
Here is a kernel simplified as an example of deep recursion.
__device__ char init[6] = { "12345" };
__global__ void Recursive(int depth, const char* route) {
// up to depth 6
if (depth == 5) return;
//declaration for a referable argument (point 6)
char* newroute = (char*)malloc(6);
memcpy(newroute, route, 5);
int o = 0;
int newlen = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < (6 - depth); ++i)
{
if (i != threadIdx.x)
{
newroute[i - o] = route[i];
newlen++;
}
else
{
o = 1;
}
}
printf("%s\n", newroute);
Recursive <<<1, newlen>>>(depth + 1, newroute);
}
__global__ void RecursiveCount() {
Recursive <<<1, 5>>>(0, init);
}
I don't add the main call because I´m using ManagedCUDA for C# but as Robert says it can be figured-out how the call RecursiveCount is.
About ending arrays of char with /0 ... sorry but I don't know exactly what is the benefit; this code works fine without them.

Remove an Array element [closed]

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Edit the question to include desired behavior, a specific problem or error, and the shortest code necessary to reproduce the problem. This will help others answer the question.
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Improve this question
So im trying to code a function to remove an element from an Array.for some reason i'm getting no errors but still does not print the result i need. i think the problem is in the function or data type declaration.
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
void deleteArray(char stra[ ], char ElementToRemove);
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
#autoreleasepool {
char str[100];
printf("Please Enter Array Elements\n");
scanf("%s",&str);
deleteArray(str, "a");
printf("%s",&str);
}
return 0;
}
void deleteArray(char stra[ ], char ElementToRemove)
{
int NumberOfElements = sizeof(stra);
int ElementPos;
for (int i = 0; i >= NumberOfElements;i++)
{
if (ElementToRemove == stra [i])
{
ElementPos = i;
}
}
for (int SecondCounter = ElementPos; SecondCounter >= NumberOfElements;SecondCounter++ )
{
stra[SecondCounter] = stra[SecondCounter - 1];
}
}
There are many issues with your code, let's see them one by one.
When you pass an array to a function, it decays to a pointer to the first element of the array. So, sizeof in the deleteArray() function is not doing what you think it's doing there.
You can use strlen() instead to get the length of a char array. However, please note, this does not count the terminating null, anyways, and you need to move that one, too, to make the end of the modified array.
Then, in the for loop,
for (int i = 0; i >= NumberOfElements;i++) //false always....
is wrong. I believe what you want is
for (int i = 0; i < NumberOfElements;i++)
After that, regarding the call to the function should be
deleteArray(str, 'a'); // 'a' is a char
instead of
deleteArray(str, "a"); // "a" denotes a string
Next, in the main() function, remove the & from the argument to printf(). It should look like
printf("%s",str);
Also, to ensure safety from buffer overflow, you should make yourscanf() to look like
scanf("%99s",str);
If you need dynamically sized arrays, I recommend making them the last flexible array member (that wikipage has an example) of some (growable) struct and keep the size of that array in its containing struct ....
If you want to have array features, such as add, delete, move and so on, use linked lists. Linked lists are using pointers, so you can represent an array using them. This way it is possible to delete an element, move it or add a new one.
When declaring an array in c, you declare it fixed size. In your case, if you want not to use pointers and lists, you have to copy array elements to a new one, excluding the unneeded.

Fixing Puzzle Game

I'm new to C++ and programming in general, and this is my first 'project'. I'm sorry if this is not an applicable question, tell me and I will delete it right away.
I want to build a puzzle game, but instead of sliding tiles, the user swaps the number adjacent to '0', where '0' is the blank tile.
This is the code I've so far:
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int grid[]= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0};
void shuffle()
{
random_shuffle(&grid[0],&grid[9]);
}
void print_puzzle()
{
shuffle();
int a=grid[0];
int b=grid[1];
int c=grid[2];
int d=grid[3];
int e=grid[4];
int f=grid[5];
int g=grid[6];
int h=grid[7];
int i=grid[8];
cout<<endl;
cout<<" "<<a<<" "<<b<<" "<<c<<endl;
cout<<" "<<d<<" "<<e<<" "<<f<<endl;
cout<<" "<<g<<" "<<h<<" "<<i<<endl;
}
bool check()
{
if (grid[0]==1&&grid[1]==2&&grid[2]==3&&grid[3]==4&&grid[4]==5&&grid[6]==7&&grid[7]==8&&grid[8]==0)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
void swap_puzzle()
{
print_puzzle();
int temp=0;
cout<<"Enter the number adjacent to '0' that you want to be swapped with '0'."<<endl;
cin>> temp;
while(check==false)
{
for(int i=0; i<9; i++)
{
if(grid[i]==temp)
{
int pos_num=i;
for(int j=0; j<9; j++)
{
if(grid[j]==0)
{
int pos_0=j;
swap(grid[pos_num], grid[pos_0]);
break;
}
}
}
}
print_puzzle();
}
}
int main()
{
srand ( time(NULL) );
cout<<"The Rules:"<<endl;
cout<<"There will be a shuffled 3x3 grid with numbers from 1-8, with one blank space denoted by '0'. You can swap '0' only with adjacent numbers. The goal of this game is to rearrange the numbers in the grid in ascending order."<<endl;
cout<<endl;
cout<<"The Shuffled Grid: "<<endl;
swap_puzzle();
return 0;
}
After swapping the number that the enter user with '0', the grid just shuffles instead of swapping them as I intended. I tried fixing this problem by breaking the code into smaller functions, but that didn't help.
Any advice would be appreciated.
Your code has several problems.
At the end of your swap_puzzle() function, inside the while loop, you call print_puzzle(). print_puzzle calls shuffle(). That's why everything is shuffled instead of having just a swap operation. To fix this you must decouple these 2 functions: printing is one thing, shuffling is another one. Neither of these should trigger the other. Or MAYBE you could have the shuffle function that calls the print one at the end, to show the new status; but a "print" function should never do anything other than printing.
Then, in your check() function you have forgotten grid[5]==6. Actually this might not be important, because if all the others are at the right place, then grid[5] should automatically be right. Anyway, for what it costs, I would definitely add it.
Then, your swap_puzzle() has a problem where you call swap and then you break. You have 2 nested for loops, and you must break from both. Right now, you are breaking from the inner one (the one that uses j), which means that then the program will resume at the next iteration of i. It is possible, then, that the swap conditions are met again, as a result of the previous swap. So the user wants to make one move, and he ends up with 2. To be precise, the second one will revert the first one, and of course this is not wanted. To solve this you could add a bool variable called swapped and set it to false at the beginning of the while loop; when you reach the break, before breaking you set it to true. Then, immediately after the end of the inner loop, you check the value of swapped: if it is true you have to break again.
As your program is structured right now, you display cout and read the input with cin only once. You must put both functions inside the while loop, so that they are run every time, for every move.
In your print_puzzle function you have this line
shuffle();
That mean every time you go to print your puzzle, it shuffles it. You don't want that.
Also this line:
while(check==false)
should be
while(check()==false)
check by itself is the pointer to the function, not a call to the function.
You also want to move the request for a new number to swap inside your loop, otherwise your loop will just go on forever.
I did some minor changes and it works.
starting game may need to shuffle once.
call to shuffle() in swap_puzzle() (but don't shuffle it when printing)
put cin>> temp; in the while loop so users can input till puzzle solved
break the inner loop too(i added some vars for that)
finally call to check() and break if true. thats means solved.
--
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int grid[]= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0};
void shuffle()
{
random_shuffle(&grid[0],&grid[9]);
}
void print_puzzle()
{
// shuffle();
int a=grid[0];
int b=grid[1];
int c=grid[2];
int d=grid[3];
int e=grid[4];
int f=grid[5];
int g=grid[6];
int h=grid[7];
int i=grid[8];
cout<<endl;
cout<<" "<<a<<" "<<b<<" "<<c<<endl;
cout<<" "<<d<<" "<<e<<" "<<f<<endl;
cout<<" "<<g<<" "<<h<<" "<<i<<endl;
}
bool check()
{
if (grid[0]==1&&grid[1]==2&&grid[2]==3&&grid[3]==4&&grid[4]==5&&grid[6]==7&&grid[7]==8&&grid[8]==0)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
void swap_puzzle()
{
shuffle();
print_puzzle();
int temp=0;
bool swaped = false;
while(1)
{
swaped = false;
cout<<"Enter the number adjacent to '0' that you want to be swapped with '0'."<<endl;
cin>> temp;
for(int i=0; i<9; i++)
{
if(grid[i]==temp)
{
int pos_num=i;
for(int j=0; j<9; j++)
{
if(grid[j]==0)
{
int pos_0=j;
swap(grid[pos_num], grid[pos_0]);
swaped = true;
break;
}
}
}
if(swaped) break;
}
print_puzzle();
if(check()==true) break;
}
}
int main()
{
srand ( time(NULL) );
cout<<"The Rules:"<<endl;
cout<<"There will be a shuffled 3x3 grid with numbers from 1-8, with one blank space denoted by '0'. You can swap '0' only with adjacent numbers. The goal of this game is to rearrange the numbers in the grid in ascending order."<<endl;
cout<<endl;
cout<<"The Shuffled Grid: "<<endl;
swap_puzzle();
return 0;
}

If (BOOL) in Objective C: unused variable

In an implementation of a CGRect, I attempt this:
BOOL didStartPressing = NO;
if ( didStartPressing) {int nmax=5;}
else{int nmax=500;}
for (int n=1; n<nmax; n=n+1){ *... working code that draws some circles ....* }
This gives yellow warnings about "unused variable nmax" in the first part above
and red warnings about "use of undeclared variable nmax." for the for loop.
If however I simply replace the first three lines above with
int nmax=500;
I get a lovely picture that I drew in CGRect.
Greatest of thanks for help, as I'm complete noob up against the hard wall of learning curve.
You've limited the scope of nmax to the braces after the if and the else. So you have two variables with that name, neither of which is visible to the for loop. To solve, move the declaration to the outer scope and simply assign to the variable in the if/else scopes:
int nmax = 0; // the = 0 is optional in this case because all code
// paths assign a value to nmax
BOOL didStartPressing = NO;
if (didStartPressing) {
nmax=5;
} else {
nmax=500;
}
for (int n=1; n<nmax; n=n+1) {
/*... working code that draws some circles ....*/
}
This is a C language thing. The scope of a variable that's declared inside a pair of braces is only the section inside the braces. That means you have two different variables, both called nmax and each limited to its section of the if/else statement.
You can make it work with:
int nmax = 500;
if ( didStartPressing) {
nmax=5;
}
Look at a book on C programming for more details.

Variable scope with same variable name?

(Objective C Code)
int i=5;
{
int i=i;
NSLog(#"Inside Scope: %i",i);
}
NSLog(#"Outside Scope: %i",i);
Prints:
3385904 (Garbage)
5
replacing int i = i; with int i= 10; prints correctly... (Inside the scope's i)
Such as:
10
5
And (This code alone)
int i=i;
Compiles, but segfaults immediately.
How are any of these syntax's valid? What use are they, or are they compiler bugs that should have been caught earlier?
Is there any situation where it is necessary for using the same variable names inside a new scope under a new type, and how would you differentiate?
My only thoughts is could be the for() loop, as the compiler would be upset you're redefining int i; twice if you have two loops.
Because you're redefining i, you're setting i to the value for itself that hasn't been set yet.
Simply turning this:
int i=5;
{
int i=i;
}
into this:
int i = i;
//int i=5;
//{
//int i=i;
//}
will give you the same varied results. This problem has nothing to do with scope.